Orthographic

Projection

Gec 117-Kilanko
 TOPICS
Object representation

Multiview projection

Glass box concept

Orthographic projection of point,

line, plane, surface and object.
Line convention
Gec 117-Kilanko
OBJECT REPRESENTATION

Axonometric projection
Multiview projection

Gec 117-Kilanko
 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.

Adjacent view(s)

Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.

Width Depth
Height

Width Depth
Gec 117-Kilanko
 TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

1. Revolve the object with respect

to observer.

2. The observer move around the

object.

Gec 117-Kilanko
REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Top view

Front view Right side view

Gec 117-Kilanko
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front view Right side view

Gec 117-Kilanko
 THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view
Gec 117-Kilanko
History

Depth
Width
Height

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Gec 117-Kilanko
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
 Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features

Gec 117-Kilanko
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge
No edge

No corner
Corner No corner
Gec 117-Kilanko
 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF POINT(S)

BT
BT
AT
Equal
distance
AT

A BR
AF BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT

AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B

A
BR
AF BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Point True length NORMAL LINE

Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT
AT
BT

Equal
length
AT
B
A

AF A
BR
BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Forshortened
Forshortened INCLINED LINE
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF LINE
Forshortened
BT
AT
B BT

Equal
BF BR length
AT
B
A
BF BR
AF A
AF AR
AR

Forshortened
Forshortened OBLIQUE LINE
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF PLANE
True size

CT
BT
CT
AT
Equal
length
BT AT
C
B

BF A CR
AF,CF BF AF,CF AR,BR CR
AR,BR

Edge
Edge NORMAL PLANE
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF PLANE
Forshortened

CT
BT
CT
AT C
Equal
length
CR BT AT
CF
C
B
CF CR
BF A
AF
AR,BR
BF AF AR,BR
Forshortened Edge
INCLINED PLANE
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF PLANE
Forshortened

CT
BT
CT
AT C
Equal
B
CR
length
BF CF BT AT
C
B
BR CF
BR CR
A BF

AF
AR
AF AR
Forshortened Forshortened
OBLIQUED PLANE
Gec 117-Kilanko
 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.

You have to project the remaining surfaces which are

invisible too !
Gec 117-Kilanko
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

Gec 117-Kilanko
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

Gec 117-Kilanko
Line Convention

Gec 117-Kilanko
 LINE CONVENTION

Precedence of coincide lines.

Hidden line drawing.

Center line drawing.

Gec 117-Kilanko
 PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line

Gec 117-Kilanko
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Correct
Join

No !

Gec 117-Kilanko
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.

Leave Leave
space space

Correct No !
Gec 117-Kilanko
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L T Correct

No !

Gec 117-Kilanko
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.

Gec 117-Kilanko
 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.

Leave space Leave space

Gec 117-Kilanko
 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space

Leave
space

Gec 117-Kilanko