Arithmetic and logical

operations
10/06/21
Arithmetic operations
Arithmetic operations between images are
array operations that are carried out between
corresponding pixel pairs.
Addition: s( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )
Subtraction:
d ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )
Multiplication:
p ( x, y )  f ( x, y ) * g ( x, y )
Division:
v ( x, y )  f ( x, y ) / g ( x, y )
Arithmetic operations
It is understood the that operations are
performed between corresponding pixel pairs
in f and g for x=0, 1, 2,…, M-1 and y=0, 1, 2,
…N-1 where M and N are the row and column
sizes of the images.
Clearly, s, d, p, v are image of size M * N.
Arithmetic operations
s ( x, y ) 0 when f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) 0
s ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) 0  for
f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )  255
 s ( x, y ) 255 when f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) 255
Addition
Let image
s ( x, y ) f ( x, of
is the sum y) g ( x, and
y)

10 0 20 1 50 10 0 2
0 0
0 20 20 0 25 40 10 5
0 5 0
10 10 0 50 0 10 20 50
0 g ( x0, y )
f ( x, y )
60 10 20 3
0 0
25 60 25 5
5 5
10 20 20 10
0 s( x, y0) 0
Application
Suppose image
s ( x, y ) is formed by addition
of a noiseless fimage
( x, y ) and
( x, y )noise
The assumption is that at every pair of ( x, y )
coordinates the noise is uncorrelated
and has zero average.
The objective of the following procedure is to
reduce the noise content by adding noisy
images.
Example

1st: Canon 5DsR | 15s | 16mm | f/4 | ISO6400 out of camera

2nd: Pre-Processed in Lightroom
3rd: Averaging of 10 Photos
4th: Averaging of 40 Photos
Subtraction
An area of medical imaging called mask mode
radiography, a commercially successful and
highly beneficial use of image subtraction.
Consider image differences of the form
g ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  h ( x, y )
 , the mask.
 h( x, y ), live image.
f ( x, y )
Subtraction
ab
Cd

a. Mask image
b. A live
image
c. Difference
between a &
b
d. Enhanced
difference
image.
Multiplication

f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
0 255 0 255 0 0 0 0
255 0 255 0 0 255 255 0
0 255 0 255 0 255 255 0
255 0 255 0 0 0 0 0

f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
Multiplication
0 0 0 0
0 0 255 0
0 255 0 0
0 0 0 0

p ( x, y ) p ( x, y )
application
An important application of image
multiplication( and division) is shading.
Another common use of image is in masking,
also called region of interest(ROI).
Logical operation
When dealing with binary image, one can
think of foreground and background sets of
pixels.
If the regions being composed of foreground
pixels, the set operations become operations
between the coordinates of objects in a
binary image.
AND, OR, NOT are the basic three logical
operations, where logical arises from logic
theory in which 1 and 0 denote true and false.
Logical operation(AND)

A B

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
A B
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
A (AND) B 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Logical operation(OR)

A B

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
A B
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
A (OR) B 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
Logical operation(NOT)

A A’

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

A A’