Ohm’s Law

and
Resistance
 What is Ohm’s Law ?
Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical
engineering and physics that relates the voltage (V) across
a conductor, the current (I) flowing through it, and its
resistance (R). It was formulated by the German physicist

Georg Simon Ohm (1827) a German physicist was the first

to verify Ohm’s law experimentally.
- had humble roots and struggled financially throughout
most of his life, but the German physicist is well known
today for his formulation of a law, termed Ohm's law,
describing the mathematical relationship between electrical
current, resistance and voltage.
Ohm’s law states that a steady current (I) flowing through
a material of a given resistance is directly proportional to
the applied voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the
resistance (R). The law is commonly expressed as I=V/R.
Most, but not all, materials abide by Ohm’s law. Those
that do not are usually described as non-ohmic
conductors. In slightly modified form, Ohm’s law can be
extended to alternating current circuits as well as
magnetic circuits.
One of the most basic and important laws of
electric circuits is Ohm’s law.
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperatures remain
constant.
Mathematically, this current-voltage relationship
is written as,
V=IR
In the equation, the constant of proportionality, R, is
called Resistance and has units of ohms, with the
symbol Ω.
The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate
the current and resistance respectively as follows:

I=V/R
R=V/I
Mathematically, Ohm's Law is expressed as:
V=I⋅R
Where:
V is the voltage (or potential difference)
across the conductor in volts (V).
I is the current flowing through the
conductor in amperes (A).
R is the resistance of the conductor in ohms
(Ω).
1. Key Concepts of Ohm's Law
2. Voltage (V):
a. Voltage, also known as electrical potential difference, is the force or pressure that
pushes the charge through a conductor. It is measured in volts (V).
b. It can be thought of as the energy needed to move a charge from one point to another.
3. Current (I):
a. Current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes
(A), where 1 ampere is 1 coulomb of charge passing a point per second.
b. The current depends on the voltage applied and the resistance of the material.
4. Resistance (R):
a. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a conductor. It is measured in
ohms (Ω).
b. Resistance depends on factors like:
i. Material: Different materials have different intrinsic resistances (conductors like
copper have low resistance, while insulators like rubber have high resistance).
ii. Length: The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.
iii. Cross-sectional Area: The larger the cross-sectional area, the lower the
resistance.
1.Direct Proportionality Between Voltage and
Current:
a. According to Ohm's Law, if the resistance is
constant, an increase in voltage will cause a
proportional increase in current. This means the
current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied to it.
2.Inverse Proportionality Between Current and
Resistance:
a. If the voltage is kept constant, the current is
 RESISTANCE
Resistance is the property of a material
or component in an electrical circuit that
opposes the flow of electric current. It
determines how much a conductor
resists the movement of free electrons
(current) when a voltage is applied
across it.
The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω), and
it is denoted by the symbol R.
 Types of Resistance:
Ohmic Resistance:
Materials that obey Ohm’s Law and have a constant
resistance regardless of voltage and current. The
resistance remains the same even as the voltage or
current changes.
Non-Ohmic Resistance:
Materials that do not obey Ohm’s Law, and their
resistance varies depending on the applied voltage
or current. Examples include diodes and transistors.
In these materials, resistance is not constant and
may change in response to external factors such as
voltage, current, or light.
 Types of Resistors:
1. Fixed Resistors:
These have a constant resistance value and are used
in a variety of circuits to control the current. Common
examples include carbon film resistors, metal oxide
resistors, and wire-wound resistors.
2.Variable Resistors (Potentiometers):
These allow you to adjust the resistance in a circuit.
They are used in applications like volume controls
and dimmer switches.
 3. Thermistors:
These are resistors that change their resistance with
temperature. There are two types:
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient):
Resistance decreases as temperature increases.
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient):
Resistance increases as temperature increases.
4. Light Dependent Resistors (LDR): These
resistors change their resistance based on the
intensity of light. Their resistance decreases as the
light intensity increases.
 Problem:
You have three resistors with the following
resistances:
R1=6 Ω
R2=3 Ω
R3=12 Ω
Part 1: Resistors in Series
Calculate the total resistance of the three
resistors connected in series.
Part 2: Resistors in Parallel
Now, calculate the total resistance of the same
three resistors if they are connected in parallel.
 ● What are resistors?
● Resistors are electronic components that resist the flow of
electricity in a circuit. Resistors are used in electric circuits to
adjust current and voltage, in much the same way as faucets
are used to adjust the flow of tap water. They can be used not
only to control the flow of current, but also to distribute voltage
in a circuit.
● Electronic circuits need resistors in order to operate under
appropriate conditions. Resistors are made of materials that
resist the flow of electricity as it passes through them. In this
way, they can control the flow of current throughout a circuit.
When current is reduced by a resistor, the surplus electrical
energy is converted into heat.
 Resistors are available in a variety of types, including the following
principal varieties:
● Fixed resistors
● Fixed resistors have a constant resistance value, which means their
resistance does not change. These are the most commonly used
resistors in electronic circuits. The resistance value is typically
printed on the resistor body, and it cannot be adjusted.
● Variable resistors
● A variable resistor is a type of resistor whose resistance can be
adjusted manually. Unlike fixed resistors, they allow you to change
the resistance depending on the application.
● Potentiometers
● A potentiometer is a specific type of variable resistor that has
three terminals. It works by varying the position of a wiper across a
resistive track, which adjusts the output voltage between two of the
terminals.
FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE PENTIOMETER
RESISTOR
Major types of fixed resistors include carbon-
film resistors and metal-film resistors, which
incorporate a carbon or metal coating,
respectively. These resistors have fixed
resistance values. Variable resistors have
resistance values that can be changed.
Potentiometers are a type of variable resistor
that is used to fine-tune voltage and current.
 Understanding Ohm's Law and
resistance is crucial for many
applications in electronics, electrical
engineering, and other fields. It allows
us to calculate and control the flow of
electricity in circuits and devices.
Thank you
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