The Nature of

Technology:
Understanding
Networks
1.1 Network
Hardware
Ishana's Part
 s
A serve

er
r is a co

rv
mputer

e
program

S
that pro or a
m a c h in vides se
e in a n rvices to
etwork. the clien
t

and
A serve
r provid
client m es servi
achines ces to t
in a net he
w o r k.

sto ra ge Storage
data for
is a dev
long-ter
ice or co
m m em
m po n en
ory.
t t h a t st
ores
A storag
e
A server
and me stores data, su
dia. ch as fil
A storag es, docu
e ca n b ments,
separat e a p a rt
e device of a ser
. ver or a

A storage
Routers and
A router is a device that
connects two or more IP
networks or subnetworks. ​

modems
​
A modem is a device that
converts digital signals
from a computer or other
digital device into analog
signals. ​
1.1 Network
Hardware
continued...
Hanoosh's Part
 Wireless Access
A wireless access
point (WAP) is a
device that
Point 6

allows wireless-
capable devices to
connect to a wired
network. It uses radio
transmitters to
faciliate
connectivity between
devices and the
internet or a
network.

7/14/2024
Network
interface
card
A network interface card (NIC), also
known as a network adapter, LAN
adapter, or network interface
controller, is a hardware component that
connects a computer to a network.

7/14/2024 7
 Where do you use a
network
There are multiple uses for a computer network including:
• Communication: Through computer networks individuals and organizations can
collaborate using communicational channels that may include email, chat, and
video conferencing.
• Network example: Your home Wi-Fi
• Since the devices are connected to the router as clients, they are part of the
network and can use the same resource as the server, namely the Internet.
The devices can also communicate with each other without having to establish
a direct connection to each device.

Why do you use a network

Networking is the process of making connections and building relationships.
These connections can provide you with advice and contacts, which can help
you make informed career decisions.
Networking can even help you find unadvertised jobs/internships.
Networking can take place in a group or one-on-one setting

7/14/2024 8
 Types of Devices

• Hubs • Switches
• In networking, a hub is a device that • A network switch is equipment that
links multiple computers and devices allows two or more IT devices, such
together. Hubs can also be referred to as as computers, to communicate with
repeaters or concentrators, and they one another. Connecting multiple IT
serve as the center of a local area devices together creates a
network (LAN). In a hub, each communications network. Compute,
connected device is on the same subnet print, server, file storage, Internet
and receives all data sent to the hub. access, and other IT resources can
be shared across the network.

7/14/2024 9
 Hubs Switches

7/14/2024 10
1.2 How a network
fits together
Martino's Part
 in te rn e t is a v a s t in te rconnected
The
c o m p o se d o f d e v ic e s like
system

How
rs a n d s m a rt p h o n e s connected
compute
m m u n ic a ti o n c h a n n e ls. Protocols
by co
it a te c o m m u n ic a ti o n . Each
like IP facil
a s a u n iq u e IP a d d re s s like a
device h
a d d re s s. R o u te rs a n d switches
home

exactly
tr a ffi c . N e tw o rk s c o nnect
direct data
te w a y s a n d IS P s g lo b ally. SDN
through ga
o rk to o ls o pti m iz e p erformance
and netw
. T h e in te rn e t' s s e a m less
and security
o n e n a b le s fr e e flo w of
integra ti
information globally.
 Routers
a n d mo
internet dems ar
connect e v i ta l f
i on or
mu l t i pl e s; route
device c r s a l l ow
modem onnectio
s link yo n s , wh i l
ur netw e
Internet ork to th
Service e
Underst Provider
a n di n g .
c ru c i a l f t heir fun
or optim ctions is
Other d iz i n g n e
evices l twork se
i ke t u p s.
p oi n t s, a swit c h e
nd exte s, acces
n d e rs expan s
strength d and
en netw
configur orks. A
ed netw wel l -
equipm ork with
ent is es t h e ri g h
s e n t ial for se t
online e amless
x p e ri e n
streami c es , w h
n g, gam et h er fo
ing, rem r
s m a rt h ot e w or
ome i n t k , or
egration
.
 1.3 Sending
messages over the
internet
Tiara's Part
 s e n d m e s s ages as

What are
s n o t
A computer doe h e in te rnet.
o f da t a o v e r t
a single section e in te rnet is
sen d o v e r t h
Any file that we e fo re it is
r s e c tio n s b
split into smalle
sent.

packets ? a re c a ll e d p a c k ets.
ns
The small sectio e m ail, a
s s a g e is a n
Whether the me d fi le , it is
word-p ro c e s s e
photograph or a fo re being
a ll p a c k e t s b e
split into sm e s s a ge
s e n d in g a m
sent. This makes network
u ip m e n t in t h e
easier for the eq th e s iz e of
ket is a b o u t
to handle. A pac r a c te rs). If
bo u t 5 5 0 c h a
the paragraph (a w o u ld see
p a c k e t w e
we look inside a
ig ita l d a ta 0 s a nd 1s.
d
 Why packets
sent over the
Many tho
internet have are sent
usands o
f packets
if we are
sending
to be photogra
message
ph or an
other lar
g
a
. E ac h p a e
numbered. addresse
d to the
cket is
person
receiving
the mess
E ac h p a c age.
ket is nu
that the mbered
message so
p ut b a c k c an b e
together
in the
right ord
er.
What are routers
used for ?

Routers are used to connect our school or

home network to the internet. Every packet
in our message will pass through the router
one after the other. When we use the
model, we will move packets onto the
router box before they are sent.
 How a packet
travels over the
internet
A message is passed from server to
server as it finds its destination. There
is no set route for the message. When a
server receives a packet, it must decide
where to send it to next. The server will
always send a message along the
clearest route, avoiding slow or blocked
route.
1.4 Sending
messages:
A simulation
Zoha 's Part
 A simulation is a method for modeling and analyzing

Simulation:
the behavior of real-world systems or processes
through the use of mathematical models, computer
programs, or physical replicas. Simulations are used
to study and predict the performance of systems in a
controlled environment, allowing researchers and
practitioners to test hypotheses, evaluate scenarios,
and make informed decisions without the risks or
costs associated with real-life experimentation.
Key types of simulations include:
1.Computer Simulations: Using computer
algorithms to create models that mimic real-
world processes. These can range from simple
spreadsheets to complex software that simulates
everything from weather patterns to traffic flows.
2.Physical Simulations: Creating a physical replica
of a system to study its behavior. This can
include wind tunnels for testing aircraft designs
or crash test dummies for studying car safety.
 Packe
t swit
comp ching

Packet Switching
u t er n is a m
packe e twork e tho d
t s be f s , wh of dat
o e re da a tran
conta r e b e ta is b smiss
ins no in g s e roken ion us
t only n t over t d o wn ed in
inform a po r he ne into s
ation t io n of t t w ork. E malle
n e e de h ach p r
d fo r e orig acket
Here' routin inal d
s a br g and ata b
eakdo destin reass ut als
w n of ation. embly o
what what at the
a pac p acket
ket ty switch
1.Dat Packe picall in g in
a Seg t Swit y conta volve
m e n ta t ching ins: s and
me s s ion: T Proce
age) h e ss
2.Pac is div o r ig i
ket Tr ided in n al dat
ansm to sm a (suc
acros ission aller, h as a
s th e : Each mana file or
n e t wo packe geabl
rk. Th t is se e pac
e y may nt ind kets.
3.Rou reach take d e pe n d
ting: t h e de s iffere ently
Packe tinati n t path
devic ts are o
es (lik rou t e d n . s to
destin e route throu
ation r s and s g h in t
4.Rea addre w itches erme
s sem s s con ) base diate
reass bly: A tained d on t
emble t the in each he
d in t destin packe
he co ation, t.
rrect packe
order ts are
origin to rec
al dat on s t r
a. uct th
e
1.5 Connecting to a
Network
Charvi's Part
 Add a
heading
1.6 In the
cloud
Jena's Part
Understanding
What is the Cloud?

the cloud • The "cloud" is a metaphor for the internet

• When you use cloud services, you are accessing
resources and data over the internet

Cloud Storage

• Saving files to the cloud means storing them on

remote servers in a data center
• Data centers are large facilities that house many
servers and storage devices
• This allows you to access your files from any
device with an internet connection.

In Summary ....The cloud refers to the

internet.Cloud storage lets you save and access
files online, not just on your local device.Your data
is stored in remote data centers, not on your
computer's hard drive.This allows you to access
your information from anywhere with an internet
connection.
 Cloud
S
• Inte torage Prov
rn id
• Majo et service p ers

More
r ro
Googl tech compa viders may
e n o
• Spe (Google Dri ies like Mic ffer cloud s
cialize ve) pr rosoft t
offer s d cloud o vide c (OneD orage
e storag lo riv
• Ofte rvices e com ud storage e) and
About • Busi
n
when a small am
you b
ne
uy de
vi
ount o
ce
f f re e c
panies

lo
like D
ropbo
x also
storag sses and in s like comp ud storage

cloud
e spac d u is
e as n ividuals ca ters, phone included
eeded n pay s, etc.
Advan f or more
tages cloud
• Acce of Clo
s ud Sto
conne s your files
Storage
rage
ct from a
• Easy ion nywhe
file sh re wit
• Data aring h an i
is bac and col nterne
theft ked up labora t
and se tion wi
• Con cu re, red th oth
venien ucing ers
your d ce of n risk of
evices ot hav loss o
ing to r
mana
The m ge loc
ain be al stor
remot n age o
ely, sh efits are th n
backe a e abili
d up b re them ea ty to a
ccess
storag y the sily, a your fi
e a po cloud s n d hav
busine pular torage e them l es
ss use a nd use pr au
. ful ser ovider. This tomatically
vice fo makes
r both
perso cloud
nal an
d
 Other cloud
services beyond
storage
Other Cloud Services Beyond Storage
While cloud storage is a major use case, the cloud offers many other valuable services:

Collaboration
• Cloud-based collaboration software allows teams to work together on files and projects
• Features like web conferencing and real-time document editing facilitate remote collaboration
• Saves time and travel costs compared to in-person meetings

Cloud-Based Software (SaaS)

• Many software applications now run in the cloud, like Google Apps and Microsoft 365
• Cloud apps make it easy to share documents and work together
• Reduces the need to install and maintain software locally

Web Hosting
• The cloud provides web hosting services to easily publish websites
• Hosting companies offer the technical infrastructure and tools to build websites
• Avoids the need to set up and manage your own web server

In summary, the cloud enables not just remote file storage, but also powerful collaboration tools,
software-as-a-service applications, and web hosting - all accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection. These cloud-based services provide convenience, cost savings, and enhanced productivity.
Çloud, Storage
Cloud Services for Music, Videos, and Gaming

for Music, Music and Videos

• Music and videos have been stored online for

Videos & many years

• Originally, you would download a copy of the
file to your device

Games
• Today, music and videos are often streamed,
meaning they play as they download
• Streaming is a cloud service that avoids the
need to save a local copy

Online Gaming
• Playing games in the cloud allows you to
compete or collaborate with other players
• This is called a multiplayer game, which can be
more interesting than single-player
• Multiplayer games often include social media
tools to chat with other players
Pro's
Pro's
Advan
ta
• Files
ges of
Cl o ud
S e rv i c
Co n ' s
& any w h
ere on
/ d a ta a v
a ny d
a i l a bl e
es
Disadv a n t a g e s o f C l o u d
an int e v ice
ernet w i th Services
Con's • E asy
co l l a b
c o n ne c
o r a ti o
tion
n a nd • The s e r v ic e m a y n o t
sh ari n c h yo u r n e e d s
• D a ta
i s ba c
g perfectly mat
ked u r v ic e o w n e r c a n
p and • The se
secure it w o r k s o r
• Low change h o w
• Tech upfron v e r t im e
n i ca l s t c o st increase c o s t s o
uppor s
s c a n b e c o m e
b y th e
s e rv i c
t prov
ided • Ongoing cost
e ow n p a re d t o lo ca l
er expensive com
software
Saving the files
to the cloud
Saving Files to the Cloud
When saving a file, you have several options for where to store it:
• On a storage device on your local computer
• On a network storage device
• In the cloud

When you save a file to the cloud:

• A copy is also saved on your local computer by default
• This allows you to access the file even without an internet connection

You can choose to save the file only in the cloud, without a local copy. This:
• Saves space on your computer
• Means you can't access the file without an internet connection

Cloud storage uses icons to indicate the file's save status:

• Cloud icon = file is only saved in the cloud
• Clock icon = file is saved in the cloud and on your computer
• Person icon = the file has been shared with someone

The key is that cloud storage gives you the flexibility to save files remotely while still
maintaining local access, if needed. Just be aware of the connectivity requirements
when choosing to save only to the cloud.
Thank
You