CCIT202 Data Communications and Networking 1

MODULE 1 – Lesson 1
Introduction to Data
Communication and Technologies
Ramil Dick O. Maballo
Instructor
Topics
 What is Data Communications and Networking?
 Benefits of Networking
 Basic Network Components
 Computer Network Peripherals
Let’s Define These Terms
• Data
• Communication
• Networking
Data
• Data is information that has been translated into a
form that is efficient for movement or processing.
Relative to today's computers and transmission
media, data is information converted into binary 
digital form. It is acceptable for data to be used as a
singular subject or a plural subject. 
• Raw data is a term used to describe data in its most
basic digital format.
Data VS Information
• Usually, the terms “data” and “information” are used
interchangeably. However, there is a subtle difference
between the two.
Data VS Information
Data VS Information
Data Information

Data is unorganized and unrefined facts Information comprises processed, organized data
presented in a meaningful context

Data is an individual unit that contains raw materials which Information is a group of data that collectively carries a
do not carry any specific meaning. logical meaning.

Data doesn’t depend on information. Information depends on data.

Raw data alone is insufficient for decision making Information is sufficient for decision making

An example of data is a student’s test score The average score of a class is the information derived
from the given data.
Data VS Information

DATA ANALYZE INFORMATION

Communication
• Communication is the imparting or exchanging of
information or news.
Networking
• The action or process of
interacting with others
to exchange information
and develop
professional or social
contacts.
Computer Networking
• is the practice of
transporting and
exchanging data
between nodes over a
shared medium in an
information system.
Data Communications and Networking
• Data communication
networks transmit digital data from
one computer to another computer
using a variety of wired and
wireless communication channels.
One such network, the Internet, is
an immense global network of
smaller interconnected networks
linking millions of computers.
Importance
What is a Network?
• There are many types of networks that provide us with different
kinds of services. In the course of a day, a person might make a
phone call, watch a television show, listen to the radio, look up
something on the Internet, or even play a video game with someone
in another country. All of these activities depend on robust, reliable
networks. Networks provide the ability to connect people and
equipment no matter where they are in the world. People use
networks without ever thinking about how they work or what it would
be like if the networks did not exist.
This picture of the airport illustrates people using networks to share information, use
resources and communicate with others. There are multiple types of networks shown in
this scene. How many can you find?
Benefits of Networking
Here are other uses of a network and the Internet:

 Sharing music and video files

 Research and on-line learning
 Chatting with friends
 Planning vacations
 Purchasing gifts and supplies
Benefits of Networking

Can you think of other ways people use

networks and the Internet in their daily lives?
Benefits of Networking
Basic Network Components
•There are many components that can be part of a network, for example
personal computers, servers, networking devices, and cabling. These
components can be grouped into four main categories:
 Hosts
 Shared peripherals
 Networking devices
 Networking media
Basic Network Components
•The network components that people are most familiar
with are hosts and shared peripherals. Hosts are devices
that send and receive messages directly across the
network.
Basic Network Components
Shared peripherals are not directly connected to the
network, but instead are connected to hosts. The host is
then responsible for sharing the peripheral across the
network. Hosts have computer software configured to
enable people on the network to use the attached
peripheral devices.
Basic Network Components

The network devices, as well as

networking media, are used to
interconnect hosts.
Basic Network Components
•Some devices can play more than one role, depending on
how they are connected. For example, a printer directly
connected to a host (local printer) is a peripheral. A printer
directly connected to a network device and participates
directly in network communications is a host.
Basic Network Components
Basic Network Components
Basic Network Components
Basic Network Components
What is needed?
Computer Network Peripherals
NODES – a node can send or receive or both send and
receive the data.

•End Nodes (End Devices)

•Intermediary Nodes
 Computer Network Peripherals
End Nodes (End Devices) – starting point or end point of
the communication
Examples:
• Computers
• Network Printers
• VoIP Phones
• Telepresence endpoint
• Security Cameras
• Mobile handheld devices (Smartphones,tablets, PDAs, Wireless
debit/credit card reader, barcode scanner
Computer Network Peripherals
Intermediary Nodes – nodes that forwards the data from one
node to another. They are placed between end nodes
Switches
Wireless Access Point
Routers
Security Devices (Firewall)
Bridges
Hubs
Repeaters
Cell Towers
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• Network adapter is a device that enables a computer
to talk with other computer/network. Using unique
hardware addresses (MAC address) encoded on the
card chip, the data-link protocol employs these
addresses to discover other systems on the network
so that it can transfer data to the right destination.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
Network Card Speed
• Network Interface card, one of the main computer
network components, comes with different speeds,
10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1000Mbps, so on. Recent
standard network cards built with Gigabit
(1000Mbps) connection speed. It also supports to
connect slower speeds such as 10Mbps and
100Mbps. However, the speed of the card depends
on your LAN speed.
HUB
• Hub is a device that splits a network connection into
multiple computers. It is like a distribution center.
When a computer request information from a
network or a specific computer, it sends the request
to the hub through a cable. The hub will receive the
request and transmit it to the entire network. Each
computer in the network should then figure out
whether the broadcast data is for them or not.
HUB
SWITCH
• Switch is a telecommunication device grouped as one
of computer network components. Switch is like a
Hub but built in with advanced features. It uses
physical device addresses in each incoming messages
so that it can deliver the message to the right
destination or port.
SWITCH
CABLES AND CONNECTORS
• Cable is one way of transmission media which can
transmit communication signals. The wired network
topology uses special type of cable to connect
computers on a network.
Twisted pair wire
• It is classified as Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5E, 6 and 7.
Category 5E, 6 and 7 are high-speed cables that can
transmit 1Gbps or more. -
Coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable more resembles like TV installation
cable. It is more expensive than twisted-pair cable
but provide high data transmission speed.
Fiber-optic Cable
• It is a high-speed cable which transmits data using
light beams through a glass bound fibers. Fiber-optic
cable is high data transmission cable comparing to
the other cable types
ROUTER
• When we talk about computer network components,
the other device that used to connect a LAN with an
internet connection is called Router. When you have
two distinct networks (LANs) or want to share a
single internet connection to multiple computers, we
use a Router.
ROUTER
MODEMS
• A modem enables you to connect your computer to
the available internet connection over the existing
telephone line. Like NIC, Modem is not integrated with
a computer motherboard. It comes as separate part
which can be installed on the PCI slots found on
motherboard.
• A modem is not necessary for LAN, but required for
internet connection such as dial-up and DSL.
MODEMS
Questions?
Quiz na tayo.
 Classification of Computer Networks

Computer networks are classified based on various

factors. They include:
• Geographical span
• Inter-connectivity
• Administration
• Architecture 
Geographical Span

Geographically a network can be seen in one of the following

categories:
• It may be spanned across your table, among Bluetooth enabled
devices, Ranging not more than few meters.
• It may be spanned across a whole building, including intermediate
devices to connect all floors.
• It may be spanned across a whole city.
• It may be spanned across multiple cities or provinces.
• It may be one network covering whole world.
Inter-Connectivity

Components of a network can be connected to each other

differently in some fashion. By connectedness we mean either
logically, physically, or both ways.
• Every single device can be connected to every other device on
network, making the network mesh.
• All devices can be connected to a single medium but
geographically disconnected, created bus-like structure.
• Each device is connected to its left and right peers only, creating
linear
Inter-Connectivity

• All devices connected together with a single device,

creating star-like structure.
• All devices connected arbitrarily using all previous
ways to connect each other, resulting in a hybrid
structure.
Administration

• From an administrator’s point of view, a network can

be private network which belongs a single
autonomous system and cannot be accessed outside
its physical or logical domain. A network can be
public, which is accessed by all.
Network Architecture

• Computer networks can be discriminated into various types such as

Client-Server, peer-to-peer or hybrid, depending upon its architecture.
– There can be one or more systems acting as Server. Other being
Client, requests the Server to server requests. Server takes and
processes request on behalf of Clients.
– Two systems can be connected Point-to-Point, or in back-to-back
fashion. They both reside at the same level and called peers.
– There can be hybrid network which involves network architecture
of both the above types.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The effectiveness of a data communications system

depends on four fundamental characteristics:
• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• jitter.
Delivery

The system must deliver data to the correct

destination. Data must be received by the intended
device or user and only by that device or user.
Accuracy

The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that

have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.
Timeliness

The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data

delivered late are useless. In the case of video and
audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they
are produced, in the same order that they are
produced, and without significant delay. This kind of
delivery is called real-time transmission.
Jitter

Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.

It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or
video packets.  
A data communications system has five components.

• Message
• Sender
• Receiver
• Transmission Medium
• Protocol
Message

The message is the information (data) to be

communicated. Popular forms of information
include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Sender

The sender is the device that sends the data message.

It can be a computer, workstation, telephone
handset, video camera, and so on.
Receiver

The receiver is the device that receives the message. It

can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset,
television, and so on.
Transmission medium

The transmission medium is the physical path by

which a message travels from sender to receiver.
Some examples of transmission media include
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
and radio waves
Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules that govern data

communications. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices.  
Network Criteria

A network must be able to meet a certain number of

criteria. The most important of these are

• Performance
• Reliability
• Security
Performance:

Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit

time and response time. Transit time is the amount of time
required for a message to travel from one device to another.
Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a
response. The performance of a network depends on a
number of factors, including the number of users, the type
of transmission medium, the capabilities of the connected
hardware, and the efficiency of the software.
Reliability:

Network reliability is measured by the frequency of

failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a
failure, and the network's robustness in a
catastrophe.
Security:

Network security issues include protecting data from

unauthorized access, protecting data from damage
and development, and implementing policies and
procedures for recovery from breaches and data
losses.
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS:
• A network is two or more devices connected through
links. A link is a communications pathway that
transfers data from one device to another. There are
two possible types of connections: point-to-point
and multipoint.
Point-to-Point

• A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link

between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is
reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most
point-to-point connections use an actual length of wire or
cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as
microwave or satellite links, are also possible. When you
change television channels by infrared remote control, you
are establishing a point-to-point connection between the
remote control and the television's control system.
Multipoint

• A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one

in which more than two specific devices share a
single link. In a multipoint environment, the capacity
of the channel is shared, either spatially or
temporally. If several devices can use the link
simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If
users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

• Generally, networks are distinguished based on their

geographical span. A network can b e as small as
distance between your mobile phone and its
Bluetooth headphone and as large as the internet
itself, covering the whole geographical world.
Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest network

which is very personal to a user. This may include
Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled
devices. PAN has connectivity range up to 10 meters.
PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and
mouse, Bluetooth enabled headphones, wireless
printers, and TV remotes. 
• For example, Piconet is Bluetooth-enabled Personal
Area Network which may contain up to 8 devices
connected together in a master-slave fashion.
Local Area Network (LAN)

• A computer network spanned inside a building and

operated under single administrative system is
generally termed as Local Area Network (LAN).
Usually, LAN covers an organization offices, schools,
colleges or universities. Number of systems
connected in LAN may vary from at least as two to as
much as 16million.
Local Area Network (LAN)

• LAN provides a useful way of sharing the resources

between end users. The resources such as printers,
file servers, scanners, and internet are easily sharable
among computers.
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network

• The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally

expands throughout a city such as cable TV network. It
can be in the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM, or
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
• Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs.
This service enable sits users to expand their Local
Area Networks. For example, MAN can help an
organization to connect all of its offices in a city
Metropolitan Area Network

• Backbone of MAN is high-capacity and high-speed

fiber optics. MAN works in between Local Area
Network and Wide Area Network. MAN provides
uplink for LANs to WANs or internet.
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)

• WAN may use advanced technologies such as

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay,
and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). WAN
may be managed by multiple administration.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Internetwork

• A network of networks is called an internetwork, or

simply the internet. It is the largest network in existence
on this planet. The internet hugely connects all WANs
and it can have connection to LANs and Home networks.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol l suite and uses IP as its
addressing protocol. Present day, Internet is widely
implemented using IPv4. Because of shortage of address
spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
Internetwork

• Internet is serving many proposes and is involved in many aspects of life. Some of
them are:
– Websites
– E-mail
– Instant Messaging
– Blogging
– Social Media
– Marketing
– Networking
– Resource Sharing
– Audio and Video Streaming
COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• A Network Topology is the arrangement with which

computer systems or network devices are connected
to each other. Topologies may define both physical
and logical aspect of the network. Both logical and
physical topologies could be same or different in a
same network.
Point-to-Point

• Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as

computer, switches, routers, or servers connected back to
back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end of
one host is connected to sending end of the other and vice
versa.
• If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may
have multiple intermediate devices. But the end hosts are
unaware of underlying network and see each other as if they
are connected directly.
Point-to-Point
Bus Topology

• In case of Bus topology, all devices share single

communication line or cable. Bus topology may have
problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time.
Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or
recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is
one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a
device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the
shared communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning.
Bus Topology
Bus Topology

• Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator.

The data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it
reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the
data from the line.
Star Topology

• All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device,

known as hub device, using a point- to-point connection. That
is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and
hub. The hub device can be any of the following:
• Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
• Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
• Layer-3 device such as router or gateway

 
Star Topology
Star Topology

• As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure.

If hub fails, connectivity of allhosts to all other hosts
fails. Every communication between hosts takes place
throughonly the hub. Star topology is not expensive
as to connect one more host, only one cable is
required and configuration is simple.
Ring Topology

• In ring topology, each host machine connects to

exactly two other machines, creating a circular
network structure. When one host tries to
communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all
intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the
existing structure, the administrator may need only
one more extra cable.
Ring Topology
Ring Topology

• Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring.

Thus, every connection in the ring is a point of failure.
There are methods which employ one more backup
ring.
Mesh Topology

• In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or

multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-to-
point connection with every other host or may also
have hosts which are in point-to-point connection
with few hosts only.
Mesh Topology
Mesh Topology

Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not
have direct point-to-point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:
• Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other
host in the network. Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are
required. It provides the most reliable network structure among all
network topologies.
• Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every
other host. Hosts connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This
topology exists where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out
of all.
Tree Topology

• Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form

of network topology in use presently. This topology imitates as
extended Star topology and inherits properties of Bus topology.
• This topology divides the network into multiple levels/layers of
network. Mainly in LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of
network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where computers are
attached. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works
as mediator between upper layer and lower layer. The highest layer is
known as core layer, and is central point of the network, i.e. root of
the tree from which all nodes fork.
Tree Topology
Tree Topology

• All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection

between them. Similar to the Bus topology, if the root
goes down, then the entire network suffers even
though it is not the single point of failure. Every
connection serves as point of failure, failing of which
divides the network into unreachable segment.
Daisy Chain

• This topology connects all the hosts in a linear

fashion. Similar to Ring topology, all hosts are
connected to two hosts only, except the end hosts.
Means, if the end hosts in daisy chain are connected
then it represents Ring topology.
Daisy Chain
Daisy Chain

Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point

of failure. Every link failure splits the network into
two segments. Every intermediate host works as relay
for its immediate hosts.
Hybrid Topology

• A network structure whose design contains more

than one topology is said to be hybrid topology.
Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all
the incorporating topologies.
Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology

• The above picture represents an arbitrarily hybrid

topology. The combining topologies may contain
attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain
topologies. Most WANs are connected by means of
Dual-Ring topology and networks connected to them
are mostly Star topology networks.Internet is the best
example of largest Hybrid topology.