BACKGROUND OF THE PHILIPPINE POWER

INDUSTRY
 The EPIRA* reform agenda
promote competition and choice.

*EPIRA – Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (Republic Act 9136)
OBJECTIVES OF EPIRA

1 Quality, reliable, secure and affordable electric power services

2 Developed competitive market for electricity

3 Improved and accelerated access to electricity services in the rural areas

4 Orderly and transparent privatization of the NPC's generation and transmission

assets and liabilities

5 Strong and purely independent regulatory body and system

3
THE VALUE CHAIN HAS EVOLVED UNDER EPIRA

PRE - EPIRA

5
THE VALUE CHAIN HAS EVOLVED UNDER EPIRA

EPIRA

6
EPIRA FOSTERED COMPETITION IN THE INDUSTRY

Retail Electricity
Generation Transmission Distribution Suppliers

130+
20+
Generation
1
Franchise
Electric
Cooperatives

21
20+
RES
Companies Owner Distribution
Utilities

7
IMPROVED AFFORDABILITY OF POWER RATES

▪ Within 6 years, the spot market has gone from an annual average of Php6.4/kWh in 2010 to a level of Php2.8/kWh in
2016

8
IMPROVED RELIABILITY OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY

9
THE PHILIPPINES WAS ELECTRIFIED

10
OPEN ACCESS ALLOWED CUSTOMERS TO CHOOSE THEIR
ENERGY SUPPLIER

11
POWER SYSTEM
HOW THE POWER SYSTEM WORKS
THE POWER GRID

• The power grid is the electrical power system network comprised of the generating plant, the
transmission lines, the substation, transformers, the distribution lines and the consumer.

14
SOME FEATURES OF ELECTRICITY

Physical flow of electricity, as a commodity, cannot be traced

Transmission of power over the network is subject to a

complex series of physical interactions

Electricity travels at the speed of light

15
ELECTRIC POWER VS ELECTRIC ENERGY

Electric Power (rate of flow of electricity)

vs
Electric Energy (total amount of power that is used over time)

16
ELECTRIC POWER VS ELECTRIC ENERGY

Electric Power = Voltage × Current

Electric Energy = Electric Power x Time

17
ELECTRIC POWER VS ELECTRIC ENERGY

18
GENERATION

19
GENERATION: PLANT OPERATIONS
• Provide power during peak demand.
• Can be started quickly
• Expensive to operate

• Fill the gap between baseload and

peaking plants.
• Larger so the construction costs are
higher but their operational costs are
cheaper.

• Plants which can generate consistent

power to meet daily demand
• Produce continuous, reliable and
efficient power at low cost
• Run at all times through the year
except in the case of repairs or
scheduled maintenance

21
TRANSMISSION

• The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) is a private corporation awarded concession
to operate and maintain the Philippine transmission system.
• Serves as Network Service Provider, System Operator and wholesale Metering Services Provider – all
functions assumed from the National Transmission Corporation.

22
POWER SYSTEM LOAD

• Load is a power required of or consumed by a circuit.

CUSTOMER TYPE OF LOADS

• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Others

23
TYPICAL 24 HOUR PHILIPPINE LOAD PROFILE

24
ANCILLARY SERVICES
• Types of Ancillary Service
• Functions of Ancillary Service
• Grid Ancillary Service Requirement
• Contracting Process
• Ancillary Service Rates
• Ancillary Service Implementation
• Ancillary Service Payments
WHAT ARE ANCILLARY SERVICES?

Ancillary Services are support

services such as Primary Reserve,
Secondary Reserve, Tertiary Reserve,
Reactive Power support, and Black
Start Capability which are necessary
to support the transmission capacity
and Energy that are essential in
maintaining Power Quality and the
Reliability of the Grid.
THE ROLE OF ANCILLARY SERVICES

POWER QUALITY RELIABILITY ADEQUACY SECURITY STABILITY

The quality of the The performance of the The ability of the Power The continuous The ability of the
voltage, including its elements of the bulk System to supply the operation of a Power dynamic Components
Frequency and electric system that aggregate electrical System in the Normal of the Power System to
resulting current, that results in electricity Demand and Energy State, ensuring safe return to a normal or
are measured in the being delivered to requirements of the and adequate supply of stable operating point
Grid, Distribution Customers within Customers at all times, power to End-Users, after being subjected to
System, or any User accepted standards and taking into account even when some parts some form of change
System during normal in the amount desired. scheduled and or Components of the or disturbance.
conditions. Reliability may be reasonably expected system are on Outage. .
measured by the unscheduled Outages
Frequency, duration, of system elements.
and magnitude of
adverse effects on the
electric supply.

27
TYPES OF ANCILLARY SERVICES
Ancillary Services in the Form of
Frequency Control Reserves

Governor
Primary Control Control
Mode
Primary Reserves
Mandatory Ancillary Service. to replace the capacity lost during
contingent Events; subject to: (1) sufficient headroom, and (2)
Primary Response Primary Reserve contract with SO

(for maintenance of Reliability) the joint action of all GCR 4.4.2.4.1 All Generating Units shall operate in Governor
interconnected Generating Units to minimize the Frequency Control mode in the case of Conventional Generation
nadir during the loss of the largest unit on line (resource Companies.
contingency protection criteria),

Automatic

Secondary Control Generatio

n Secondary Reserves
Control

To restore the system Frequency from the quasi-steady state

Response to a small Frequency deviation and to correct the loss
value as established by the Primary Responses of Generating
of capacity affected by a loss of production to maintain the
Units back to the nominal Frequency of 60 Hz
system Frequency within the predetermined limits.

Automatic
Tertiary Control or
Manual
Tertiary Reserves

Change (automatically or manually) the working points of

To replenish the Secondary Reserve
Generating Units or Loads, based on Tertiary Reserve, in order
to: (1) Guarantee the provision of an adequate Secondary
Reserve at the right time, and (2) Distribute the Secondary
Control power to the various Generating Plants in the best
possible way, in terms of economic considerations.
Frequency deviations, such as those that may occur on the loss of Generation Unit(s), or
as credible N-1 shall be corrected through the use of Ancillary Services in the form of
Reserve 28
 ACHIEVINGQuality
POWER of Frequency
QUALITY
Nominal fundamental
Frequency has Frequency shall be 60Hz
Harmonic Frequencies
deviated from the
are present
nominal value of 60 Hz
System Operator shall maintain the
frequency between 59.7 Hz and 60.3
Hz

High Frequency Over-

voltages are present in POWER QUALITY Voltage magnitudes
System Operator shall
the Grid ensure that RMS values
- Quality of voltage, including are outside their
stay within 95% to 105%
allowable range of
its frequency and the variation
of nominal voltage during
resulting current, that are Long Duration Voltage
measured in the Grid during Variations
normal conditions
The phase
displacement between Maximum Zero Sequence
the voltages is not There is imbalance in Unbalance Factor < 1%
equal to 120 degrees the magnitude of
Voltage Fluctuations phase voltages
cause Flicker that is Maximum Negative
outside of Flicker Sequence Unbalance Factor
Severity limits < 1%

Quality of Voltage

2
9
 Maintaining demand-supply
DEMAND – SUPPLY BALANCE balance is key to power quality
and reliability

Fundamental Principle
The system must be able to tolerate any Credible Single Outage Contingency (N – 1) without disruption

3
0
 SUPPLY (Generation) & DEMAND (Load) BALANCE

LOAD = GENERATION

60.0
SYSTEM FREQUENCY

60
60 40
500 500
150 150 130
DEMAND SUPPLY

6612
5589
200 200 200 400 500 500 500
2,000MW 2,000MW

TRANSMISSION LINE
SYSTEM OPERATOR
 DEMAND (Load) < SUPPLY (Generation)
LOAD <= GENERATION

61.0
60.0 SYSTEM OVER FREQUENCY

60
150 40
150 SYSTEM FREQUENCY
200 600
200
200 400
400 60
60 40
250 250
150 150 600
DEMAND SUPPLY

6612
5589
500 500 500
200 200 200 400
2,000MW 400 2,000MW
2,400MW
250
250
500
500
500
 DEMAND (Load) > SUPPLY (Generation)
LOAD => GENERATION

SYSTEM UNDER FREQUENCY

59.0
60.0
250
SYSTEM FREQUENCY 250 500
500
600
500
60
60 40
250 250
150 150 600
DEMAND SUPPLY

6612
5589
500 500 500
200 200 200 400
2,600MW
2,000M 600 2,000MW
W 40
60
600
150 400
150 200
200
200
FREQUENCY CONTROL

34
PRIMARY RESPONSE VS PRIMARY RESERVE

Primary Response Primary Reserve

• Primary Response is NOT an Ancillary Service • Primary Reserve is the allocated MW capacity to be
injected to the Grid to replace the capacity lost
• It is autonomous actions (response) provided during contingent events.
by the generators through the turbine speed • It is provided by the Generating Units operating
governors to stabilize Frequency in response under Governor Control mode [certified and
contracted by the System Operator or offering in
to contingent Events. the WESM.
• Hence, Primary Response is an inertial energy
contributed by the Synchronized Generating
Units and is NOT an injection of power (MW)
that is being delivered to the Grid.

35
 RESERVE OR ANCILLARY SERVICE REQUIREMENTS

To replenish the Contingency Reserve. Equivalent to the the load of the

second largest generating unit connected to the Grid
Total Requirement (in Megawatt)

Addresses forced outage. Equivalent to the the load of the largest generating
unit connected to the Grid

Regulation of frequency and voltage. Equivalent to 4% of system demand

Total demand (load) of the System

The primary function of Ancillary Service (AS) is to maintain the

load-generation balance of the system.

36
RESERVE CATEGORIES AND OPERATING MODES
PGC Amendment No. 1 PGC 2016 Edition
Reserve Category Operating Mode Reserve Category Operating Mode Reserve Definition in 2016 PGC
Synchronized generating capacity that is
Free Governor Mode allocated to stabilize the system Frequency and
(FGM) to cover the loss or failure of a Synchronized
Governor Control Mode Generating Unit or a transmission line or the
Contingency Reserve Primary Reserve
(GCM) power import from a single circuit
Automatic Generation interconnection
Control (AGC) or Manual
Synchronized generating capacity that is
Free Governor Mode allocated to restore the system Frequency from
(FGM) the quasi-steady state value as established by
Automatic Generation the Primary Responses of Generating Units to
Regulating Reserve Secondary Reserve
Control the
Automatic Generation nominal Frequency of 60 Hz.
Control (AGC) or Manual
The capacity which can be connected
(automatically or manually) under Tertiary
Control, in order to provide an adequate
Secondary Reserve. This reserve must be used
to contribute to the restoration of the
Secondary Control range when required. The
Dispatchable Reserve Manual Tertiary Reserve Manual or Automatic restoration of an adequate Secondary Control
range may take, for example, up to 15 minutes,
whereas Tertiary Control for the optimization of
the network and generating system will not
necessarily be complete after this time.

37
OTHER ANCILLARY SERVICES
Reactive Power Support Black Start

• GCR 4.4.2.3.1 - The Generating Plant connected to the • Black Start Capability. The ability of a Generating Unit to go
from a shutdown condition to an operating condition, within a
Grid shall contribute to Voltage Control by continuous specified period of time, without feedback power from the
regulation of the Reactive Power supplied to the Grid by Grid and to start delivering power to the sections of the Grid
its Generating Units, following the instructions issued by and provide power to other Generating Plants and other
critical loads.
the System Operator, provided the limits of the Reactive
Power Capability Curves, as specified in the Generating • GCR 4.4.2.6.1 The Grid shall have Black Start Capability at a
Plant’s Declared Data, is not exceeded. number of strategically located Generating Plants.

• NGCP proposes Black Start Capability per “restoration

• GCR 4.4.2.1.3 - The Generating Unit shall be capable of highway”:
supplying its Active Power output, as specified in the • Luzon 50 MW
Generating Plant’s Declared Data, within the limits of 0.85 • Visayas 20 MW
Power Factor lagging and 0.90 Power Factor leading at the • Mindanao 25 MW
Generating Unit’s terminals, in accordance with its
• Reaction Time: within 30 minutes
Reactive Power Capability Curve.

• Sustainability: Not required, once it has successfully energized

its power restoration highway 38
 ANCILLARY SERVICES
THREE L AYERS OF DEFENSE TO MAINTAIN
POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
Capacity to immediately
replenish Contingency
Reserve for next event
Fast response to requiring it
significant changes in
frequency from loss of
generation or Contingency Reserve
Fast and automatic transmission flows
response to small
changes in frequency Dispatchable Reserve
from load fluctuations

Regulating
Reserve

5 sec 25 sec 10 Min 15 Min 30 Min 8 Hrs

3
9
 GENERATION CAPACITY STACKING

Capacity in Outage

Excess Capacity

Next largest unit NORMAL STATE

Dispatchable Reserve
• Sufficient Operating Margin

System Capacity
Capacity Largest unit • Within limits for frequency, voltage, transmission loading

Contingency Reserve
4% of Demand
YELLOW ALERT
Regulating Reserve

System Demand

Available Capacity
RED ALERT
Plants in
Energy Merit Order
Table dispatched
for energy

4
0
GRID OPERATING STATES
NORMAL GRID STATUS Dispatchable Reserve Reqt

YELLOW ALERT
when supply falls
Issued by System Operator when there below this level Contingency Reserve Reqt
is Insufficient Contingency Reserve
RED ALERT when supply falls
Regulating Reserve Reqt
Issued by the System Operator when below this level
the Contingency Reserve level is zero, a Grid Demand
generation deficiency exists, or there is
critical loading or imminent overloading
of transmission lines or equipment

41
 A L E R T E Q U AT I O N :
INSUFFICIENT RESERVES +
(SUDDEN INCREASE IN DEMAND) AND/OR (SUDDEN Higher Probability of Load Dropping
D R O P I N S U P P LY )

REQUIRED

NORMAL GRID STATUS Dispatchable

ACTUAL
No Contingency or
YELLOW ALERT when supply falls Dispatchable
below this level Contingency Reserves available
Insufficient Contingency Reserve due to absence of
firm contracts

RED ALERT when supply falls Load drop

below this level
Regulating
An alert issued by the System Operator Regulating Regulating
when the Contingency Reserve is zero, a Energy Reserves are
generation deficiency exists, or there is Energy needed even
when available
critical loading or imminent overloading of energy is
transmission lines or equipment. insufficient to
meet demand

42
THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICITY MARKET
FRAMEWORK

43
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION

• The overall objective of economic power systems operation is to produce power at the lowest total
cost.

44
DEMAND IS PRICE-TAKER

45
WESM IS THE DEFAULT MARKET FOR SELLERS AND BUYERS

• A Generator sells all its production in the WESM and a Customer (DU) buys all its requirements in the
WESM, unless, they have a bilateral contract and their transaction is settled outside the WESM
• RCOA effectively places Contestable Customers in the WESM (whose connection is conveyed through
its Distribution Wheeling Service Agreement (DWSA)
• A bilateral contract is basically a hedge benefitting both buyers and sellers with business stability.
WESM Rules on net settlement allow the parties to settle their bilateral contract transaction outside
of the market

46
SUMMARY

• Uniform Price Auction promotes economic dispatch because of the financial incentives for the suppliers to bid
their short-run marginal cost
• The market framework seeks short-run efficiency:
• Output is produced by least-cost suppliers
• Output is consumed by those most willing to pay
• The right quantity is produced
• Generators win market share by offering low prices (Generators are more likely to bid at their marginal cost)
• Demand is currently a “Price-Taker”
• There are rules to thwart and prevent generators from exercising market power:
• Must Offer Rule → physical withholding
• Price Cap → economic withholding
• Secondary Price Cap → “too-high-too-long”
• The spot market operates under WESM Rules

47
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICITY PRICES

48
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICITY PRICES

• WESM prices are volatile (temporary price spikes and mean reverting)
✔ Month to month, day to day, hour to hour changes
✔ The business of entities selling and buying in the WESM are exposed to volatility risk

49
MEAN REVERTING

• If there is a shock in prices (unexpected jump, either up or down), prices will return or revert
eventually to the level before the shock. The time it takes to revert is often referred to as the time to
reversion. If the process is very persistent, it might take a long time to revert to the mean.

50
 35

Price spikes caused by forced outages

30

25

20
PHP/kWh

15

10

6.45176871069761 5.90726657685019
5 4.54762702078336 5.0146771824514 4.76530100623573
4.20416392472615 3.84926371222528
3.2424759975141
1.9753665537181
0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Week Average Year Average

51
SEASONALITY IN HYDRO GENERATION

52
SEASONALITY IN TEMPERATURE

53
SEASONALITY IN DEMAND

54
SEASONALITY IN DEMAND – ECQ 2020

55
57
LOCATIONAL PRICE DIFFERENCE

58
60
SUMMARY
• Seasonality has effect in supply and demand
• Random walk with Mean Reversion - if there is a shock in prices, it will return or revert eventually to
the level before the shock
• Prices gravitates around production cost and demand level
• Locational price differences - line rental, wheeling charges, transmission charges

61
THE WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY SPOT MARKET
(WESM)

63
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WESM

• WESM or the spot market is as a venue for trading of electricity as a commodity

✔ Centralized scheduling of generation and supply of electricity, including those covered by supply
contracts
✔ Determining prices of un-contracted quantities (i.e., spot market transactions)
✔ Settlement of spot market transactions (billing, payment and collections)
• WESM is a real time, bid-based and hourly (shorter duration in the future) market for energy
• It is a mandatory market
• WESM operates in Luzon and Visayas as a single market, and this is possible as the grids are connected
through the 350 kV, 400 MW Leyte - Luzon HVDC line.
• Similar designs: New Zealand, Australia and Norway
• Commercial operations commenced in Luzon on June 26, 2006 and in the Visayas on December 26, 2010.
• WESM operates WESM is administered by the Independent Electricity Market Operator (IEMOP).
MARKET STRUCTURE

PARTICIPATION
• Trading Participants (Generation Companies & Customers)
• Ancillary Service Providers

OPERATIONS/ SERVICES
• Market Operator (IEMOP)
• Systems Operator (NGCP)
• Network Service Provider (NGCP and Dus)
• Metering Services Provider (NGCP)

GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION

• IEMOP Board, WESM Governance Committees and IEMOP governance units
• Department of Energy
• Energy Regulatory Commission

65
MARKET STRUCTURE - TRANSACTIONS

66
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE WESM

• Gross Pool
• Net Settlement
• Locational Marginal Pricing/ Nodal Pricing
• Reserve Co-Optimization (Future)
• Demand Bidding (Future)
 GROSS POOL

• All generator participants shall submit offers (the maximum available capacity) to be scheduled in
the power system, regardless of their supply contracts

Merit Order
Price (PhP/ MWh)

Market Dispatch
Optimization Model
Generator Trading Participants (MDOM)
• Fully contracted
• Partially contracted ENERGY Offer G4
• Uncontracted (Price, Quantity and G3
Ramp rate)
G2
G1
Quantity (MW)

68
NET SETTLEMENT

• A day after actual trading day, each generator participant declares the contracted volumes from what
was delivered to the grid. Generation quantity not declared as contracted volume will be settled by
WESM as spot sales;
• Only spot quantity is settled at market price. Bilateral contracts are settled outside of WESM based
on applicable supply agreements.

69
 LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICING/ NODAL PRICING

• Marginal price is computed at each node or location in the power system to reflect cost of
transmission line loss or congestion, or both.

Zambales
Market Trading Nodes
PhP 4,300.34

Laguna/Batangas
Metro Manila Market Trading Nodes
Trading Nodes PhP 4,445.56
PhP 4,645.67

70
LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICING/ NODAL PRICING

• Cost of supplying energy at a specific location, considering generation price, cost of losses and cost
of transmission congestion
• The system marginal price is set by the marginal plant.

71
MARKET DISPATCH OPTIMIZATION MODEL
(MDOM)

73
THE MARKET DISPATCH OPTIMIZATION MODEL (MDOM)
• MDOM provides schedules and prices as a result of maximizing the economic gains to trading participants

74
MDOM BASIC ALGORITHM

Maximize the Economic Gains for the Trading Participants (TP) by:
1. MAXIMIZING the total amount of load served ← Customer Bids
&
2. Scheduling generators to MINIMIZE
• Total generation cost
← Generators Offer
• Total reserves costs
• Total cost of constraint violations

• Subject to limitations or constraints of

← Limitations
the power system and TP’s facilities

75
MDOM MATHEMATICAL FORMULA

Maximize the economic gain from trade, where:

where:
DBi,j - Demand bid quantity of customer “i”
PDBi,j - Price of demand bid of customer “i”
Gi,j - Energy quantity offer of generator “i”
PGi,j - Price of energy offer of generator “i”
Ri,j,k - Reserve quantity offer of ancillary services provider “i” in a reserve zone
PRi,j,k - Price of reserve offer of ancillary services provider “i” in a reserve zone
CVP - Total cost of constraint violation (penalty for not satisfying a constraint)

Subject to limitations (Constraints) of the transmission

system and Trading Participant facilities
76
OUTPUT OF THE MDOM

• System Marginal Price

• Generation output levels for each generating resource
• Scheduled load for each dispatchable load
• Reserve schedule for each generating resource
• Transmission line flows
• Transmission losses
• Energy prices at each market trading node
• Regional reserve prices

77
MARKET OFFER

78
MARKET OFFER

• The electricity spot market is an hourly balancing of generation supply (offered at priced blocks)
versus grid demand

79
GENERATOR OFFER RULES

• Must offer all capacity (Pmax) all the time

• Must offer Pmin at price of zero
• Must make 10 offer blocks every interval for each unit (including Pmin as first offer block);
• Minimum of 1 MW per block
• Block offers in ascending order of prices
• Price cap at PhP 32,000/ MWh

80
MARKET OFFER

REGULAR OFFER
• The maximum combined capacity of
generation offers must not be less than
the maximum available capacity of the
generator.
• The QUANTITY (MW) may contain up
to 10 energy blocks (with a minimum
block size of 1 MW) per unit per
trading interval
• Shall have monotonically increasing in
prices, starting from Pmin .
• Interim offer cap of PhP 32,000/MWh

81
MARKET OFFER
Example: X Plant Bid and Offer
Total Offered Quantity is 382MW, the plant’s maximum capacity
(120MW + 214MW + 18MW +30MW)

There are Four (4) Block offers

Minimum Price Offer is Php -10,000 (Price Floor)

Maximum Price Offer is lower than Php 32,000 (Price Cap)
Price Offer is Monotonically Increasing
(except for P0, which copies the price of P1 by default)
MARKET OFFER

STANDING OFFERS/ BIDS

• Default offers/ bids that are submitted to ensure relevant data are used if the Trading Participant fail
to submit Regular Offers/Bids.
MARKET OFFER

SCHEDULED GENERATOR
• A generating unit or a group of generating units connected at a common point with a
nameplate rating and a combined nameplate rating of greater than or one tenth of one
percent (≥0.1%) of the peak load in a particular reserve region.

84
MARKET OFFER

NON - SCHEDULED GENERATOR

• A generating unit or a group of generating units connected at a common point with a
nameplate rating and a combined nameplate rating of less than one tenth of one percent
(<0.1%) of the peak load in a particular reserve region, or less than ten percent (<10%) of
the size of the interconnection facilities, whichever is lower.

• Shall submit a standing schedule of loading levels for each of its non-scheduled generating
units for each trading interval in each trading day of the week in accordance with the
timetable.

85
MARKET OFFER

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (NRE) GENERATORS

• A generating unit or group of generating units connected at a common point whose energy resource
is location specific and has a natural variability which renders the output unpredictable and the
availability of the resource inherently uncontrollable, but may at its option be classified as
scheduled generating unit.
• Each NRE Generation Company with intermittent energy resource shall submit its projected output
for each of its generating units for each trading interval in each trading day of the week in
accordance with the timetable.

86
MARKET OFFER

BILATERAL ARRANGEMENTS (CONTRACTS)

• After each trading day, the seller shall declare the hourly Bilateral Contract Quantity (BCQ) of that
trading day to the Market Operator.
• The seller shall identify the bilateral counterparty.
• The seller shall provide evidence that the counterparty agrees with the submission.

87
MARKET DISPATCH SCHEDULING AND PRICING

88
OVERVIEW OF MARKET DISPATCH SCHEDULING AND PRICING

89
ECONOMIC DISPATCH

90
DISPATCH SCHEDULE AND SYSTEM MARGINAL PRICE

91
MARKET CLEARING PRICE

92
DISPATCH SCHEDULE IMPLEMENTATION

93