5 - System Reliability and Ancillary Services
5 - System Reliability and Ancillary Services
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Ancillary Services (A/S)
Types of A/S:
• Balancing services (gen = load/losses/outflow)
– Regulation, load-following, spinning/non-spinning reserves
• Reactive Support
– Regulate voltage in normal times, provide reactive
support in emergency conditions
• Intertrip Schemes (autodisconnect in event of a fault)
• Blackstart capability (system restoration).
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Introduction
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System Reliability = Adequacy + Security
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Preventive Actions
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Corrective Action
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Generation and Load
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Balancing Services (One Form of A/S)
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Classification of Balancing Services
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Regulation Service in More Detail:
• Designed to handle:
– Rapid fluctuations in load
– Small, unintended variations in generation
• Designed to maintain:
– Frequency close to its nominal value (60 Hz US, 50 Hz most
other regions of the world)
– Interchanges at desired power flows
• Traditionally provided by generating units that:
– Can adjust output quickly
– Are connected to the grid
– Are equipped with a governor with Automatic Generation
Control (AGC) = ability to respond in real time to commands
from the central system operator to control power output
up/down 17
Load Following Service in More Detail:
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Spinning/Non-Spinning Reserve Services
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Network Issues: Contingency Analysis
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Types of Preventive Actions
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Example: Emergency Thermal Capacity
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Example: Voltage Control under Normal Conditions
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Example: Voltage Control under Normal Conditions
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Example: Voltage Control under Normal Conditions
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Example: Reactive support After Line Outage
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Example: Pre- and post-contingency balance
Pre-contingency
Post-contingency
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Other Forms of Ancillary Services
• Stability services
– Intertrip schemes
• Disconnection of generators following faults
– Power system stabilizers
• Minute adjustments to generator outputs to dampen
oscillations that might develop in the network
• Blackstart restoration capability service
– Restarting of system operations after a total system collapse
– Requires generators able to restart manually or thru stored
energy
– System operator must ensure enough availability of restoration
resources to guarantee a prompt restoration of service at any
time
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Line Outages leading to Generation Outages
• Main Sources of Line Outages:
– Physical connection of an external object such as, tree,
helicopter, human being, etc.,
– Lightning stroke,
– Incorrect switching,
– Severe weather conditions, such as wind, storm, ice and snow
loading, etc.
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Line Outages leading to Generation Outages
• Ancillary service
• Frequency control: Supply-demand balancing
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Supply-Demand Balance
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Operating Reserves
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Supply-Demand Balance
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Frequency Control
System frequency is
determined merely by supply-
demand balance.
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AGC: Automatic Generation Control
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Voltage Reduction (Brown-out)
• It is possible to shed a certain part
of load, such as 10 % by voltage
reduction.
• Reducing terminal voltage of the
load by 10 % results in 19 %
reduction in demand.
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Economic dispatch
Varying power output at constant frequency
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Voltage stability: Standby generator start-up
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Voltage stability: Switching on/off shunt capacitors
Distribution System
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Trading enforcement
All power transactions are metered in real-time
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Obtaining Ancillary Services
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Obtaining Ancillary Services
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How much ancillary services should be bought?
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How much ancillary services should be bought?
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How should services be obtained?
• Two approaches:
– Compulsory provision
– Market for ancillary services
• Both have advantages and disadvantages
• Choice influenced by:
– Type of service
– Nature of the power system
– History of the power system
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Compulsory provision
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Advantages of compulsory provision
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Disadvantages of compulsory provision
• Equity
– How to deal with generators that cannot provide some services?
– Example: nuclear units can’t participate in frequency response
• Economic efficiency
– Not a good idea to force highly efficient units to operate part
loaded to provide reserve
– More efficient to determine centrally how much reserve is
needed and commit additional units to meet this reserve
requirement
• Compulsory provision is thus not applicable to all services
• How to deal with exceptions that distort competition?
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Market for ancillary services
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Disadvantages of market for ancillary services
• More complex
• Probably not applicable to all types of services
• Potential for abuse of market power
– Example: reactive support in remote parts of the network
– Market for reactive power would need to be carefully
regulated
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Demand-side provision of ancillary services
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Advantages of demand-side provision
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Opportunities for demand-side provision
• Frequency regulation
– Variable speed pumping loads
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Who should pay for ancillary services?
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Who should pay for ancillary services?
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Who should pay for reserve?