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Lora Wan

LoRaWAN is a Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) technology optimized for long-range, battery-powered IoT endpoints, developed by Semtech and supported by the LoRa Alliance. It utilizes a proprietary Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation technique, allowing for adaptive power and data rate optimizations based on distance from gateways. The architecture features a star of stars topology with gateways relaying communications between endpoints and a central network server, with future versions planned to include roaming capabilities.

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25 views15 pages

Lora Wan

LoRaWAN is a Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) technology optimized for long-range, battery-powered IoT endpoints, developed by Semtech and supported by the LoRa Alliance. It utilizes a proprietary Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation technique, allowing for adaptive power and data rate optimizations based on distance from gateways. The architecture features a star of stars topology with gateways relaying communications between endpoints and a central network server, with future versions planned to include roaming capabilities.

Uploaded by

burp1412
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LORAWAN

LORAWAN
• In recent years, a new set of wireless technologies known as
Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) has received a lot of attention
from the industry and press.
• Particularly well adapted for long-range and battery-powered
endpoints, LPWA technologies open new business
opportunities to both services providers and enterprises
considering IoT solutions.
• An example of an unlicensed-band LPWA technology,
known as LoRaWAN.
• NB-IoT and other LTE Variations,” reviews licensed-band
alternatives from the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).
LORAWAN
• Standardization and Alliances Initially, LoRa was a
physical layer, or Layer 1, modulation that was
developed by a French company named Cycleo.
Later, Cycleo was acquired by Semtech.
• Optimized for long-range, two-way
communications and low power consumption,
the technology evolved from Layer 1 to a broader
scope through the creation of the LoRa Alliance.
LORAWAN
• The LoRa Alliance quickly achieved industry support and
currently has hundreds of members. Published
LoRaWAN specifications are open and can be accessed
from the LoRa Alliance website.
• Semtech LoRa as a Layer 1 PHY modulation technology is
available through multiple chipset vendors.
• To differentiate from the physical layer modulation
known as LoRa, the LoRa Alliance uses the term
LoRaWAN to refer to its architecture and its
specifications that describe end-to-end LoRaWAN
communications and protocols.
Figure provides a high-level overview of the LoRaWAN
layers.

In this figure, notice that Semtech is responsible for the PHY


layer, while the LoRa Alliance handles the MAC layer and
regional frequency bands.
PHY Layer
(Frequency Bands)
• LoRaWAN 1.0.2 regional specifications
describe the use of the main unlicensed sub-
GHz frequency bands of 433 MHz, 779–787
MHz, 863–870 MHz, and 902–928 MHz, as
well as regional profiles for a subset of the
902–928 MHz bandwidth.
• For example, Australia utilizes 915–928 MHz
frequency bands, while South Korea uses 920–
923 MHz and Japan uses 920–928 MHz.
Modulation
• A proprietary spread-spectrum modulation technique derived from existing
Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology, LoRa offers a trade-off between
sensitivity and data rate, while operating in a fixed-bandwidth channel of either
125 KHz or 500 KHz (for uplink channels), and 500 KHz (for downlink channels).
• Additionally, LoRa uses orthogonal spreading factors. This allows the network to
preserve the battery life of connected end nodes by making adaptive
optimizations of an individual end node’s power levels and data rates.
• For example, an end device located close to a gateway should transmit data at a
low spreading factor, since very little link budget is needed.
• However, an end device located several miles from a gateway will need to
transmit with a much higher spreading factor. This higher spreading factor
provides increased processing gain, and higher reception sensitivity, although
the data rate will, necessarily, be lower.
Modulation
• Semtech’s LoRa Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology offers a low-
cost and low-power, yet robust, DSSS alternative that does not require a
highly-accurate reference clock. In LoRa modulation, the spreading of
the signal’s spectrum is achieved by generating a chirp signal that
continuously varies in frequency, as is depicted in Figure.

• In LoRa terms, the amount of spreading code applied to the original data
signal is called the spreading factor (SF). LoRa modulation has a total of
six spreading factors (SF7 to SF12). The larger the spreading factor used,
the farther the signal will be able to travel and still be received without
errors by the RF receiver.

• Table illustrates how LoRaWAN data rates can vary depending on the
associated spreading factor for the two main frequency bands, 863–870
MHz and 902–928 MHz.
LoRaWAN Data Rate Example
MAC Layer
•LoRaWAN messages, either uplink or downlink, have a PHY payload composed of
a 1-byte MAC header, a variable-byte MAC payload, and a MIC that is 4 bytes in
length.
•The MAC payload size depends on the frequency band and the data rate, ranging
from 59 to 230 bytes for the 863–870 MHz band and 19 to 250 bytes for the 902–
928 MHz band.
•Figure shows a high-level LoRaWAN MAC frame format.
Topology

• LoRaWAN topology is often described as a “star


of stars” topology.
• As shown in Figure 4-17, the infrastructure
consists of endpoints exchanging packets through
gateways acting as bridges, with a central
LoRaWAN network server.
• Gateways connect to the backend network using
standard IP connections, and endpoints
communicate directly with one or more
gateways.
Figure 4-17 also shows how LoRaWAN gateways act as bridges that relay between
endpoints and the network servers.

Multiple gateways can receive and transport the same packets. When duplicate
packets are received, de-duplication is a function of the
network server.
• In future versions of the LoRaWAN
specification, roaming capabilities between
LoRaWAN network servers will be added.

• These capabilities will enable mobile


endpoints to connect and roam between
different LoRaWAN network infrastructures.
Detailed LORAWAN by Semtech

• https://lora-developers.semtech.com/documentation/tech-papers-and-guides/lora-and-lorawan /

• NB-IoT and other LTE Variations

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