Chapter 7

ENTROPY ( 熵 )

McGraw-Hill | 1
Textbook
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
10th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, Mehmet Kanoglu
McGraw-Hill, 2024

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Course Contents
Chap. 7 Entropy
Chap. 8 Entropy Analysis
Chap. 10 Gas Power Cycles
Midterm Exam (to Chap. 10-5)

Chap. 11 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

Chap. 12 Refrigeration Cycles
Chap. 13 Maxwell Relations
Final Exam (from Chap. 10-6)

Lecture ppts and HW solutions will be given

in the iLearn.
Grading ( 評分權重 )

25%: Attendance, In-class performance, and

Homework
35%: Midterm Exam (open book exam)
40%: Final Exam (open book exam)

考試為 Open Book 型式，只允許參閱教科書 ( 即課本 ) ，其他如參考書、筆記、

作業與影印資料等一律不准攜帶，否則視為違反考試規則。

Exam is open-book. Only text book is allowed. Others such as

reference books, class notes, homework, and copied materials
are forbidden.
 Objectives
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-
law effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during
processes for pure substances, incompressible substances,
and ideal gases.
• Examine a special class of idealized processes, called
isentropic processes, and develop the property relations for
these processes.

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7-1 ENTROPY Wc Wrev  Wsys

The system and cyclic

device undergo an integral
number of cycles.

Wc cannot be a work output, a positive quantity

(violate 2nd law).
Clasius inequality

When the combined system is internally

reversible, Wc cannot be a negative quantity
in the reversed case.
It follows that Wc, int rev = 0

6
 Clasius inequality

Formal definition of entropy:

The equality in the Clausius inequality holds

for totally or just internally reversible cycles
and the inequality for the irreversible ones.

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 A quantity whose cyclic
integral is zero (i.e., a
property like volume)
Entropy is an extensive
property of a system.

A Special Case: Internally Reversible

Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes

This equation is particularly useful for determining

the entropy changes of thermal energy reservoirs.
8
Ex. 7-1 Entropy Change during an Isothermal Process

A piston-cylinder device contains a

liquid-vapor mixture of water at 300 K.

During a constant-pressure process,

750 kJ of heat is transferred to the
water.
As a result, part of the liquid in the
cylinder vaporizes.

9
7-2 THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

The equality holds for an internally

reversible process and the
inequality for an irreversible
process.

Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process,

and this generation is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities.

The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.

Can the entropy of a system during a process decrease?
10
The increase of entropy principle
11
Some Remarks about Entropy
1. Processes can occur in a certain direction
only, not in any direction. A process must
proceed in the direction that complies with
the increase of entropy principle, that is, Sgen
≥ 0. A process that violates this principle is
impossible.
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property, and
there is no such thing as the conservation of
entropy principle. Entropy is conserved
during the idealized reversible processes
only and increases during all actual
processes.
3. The performance of engineering systems is
degraded by the presence of irreversibilities,
and entropy generation is a measure of the
magnitudes of the irreversibilities during that
process. It is also used to establish criteria
for the performance of engineering devices.

12
Ex. 7-2 Entropy Generation during Heat Transfer Processes

Qsource  2000 Qsource  2000

S source    2.5 kJ / K S source    2.5 kJ / K
Tsource 800 Tsource 800
Q 2000 Q 2000
S sink  sink  4.0 kJ / K S sink  sink  2.7 kJ / K
Tsink 500 Tsink 750
S gen Stotal  2.5  4.0 1.5 kJ / K S gen Stotal  2.5  2.7 0.2 kJ / K

13
7-3 ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the
value of entropy of a system is fixed
once the state of the system is fixed.

Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.

Entropy change

14
Ex. 7-3 Entropy Change of a Substance in a Tank

State 1: P1 = 140 kPa and T1 = 20 oC

Table A-13 s1 1.0625kJ / kg K
v1 0.16544m 3 / kg

State 2: P2 = 100 kPa and v2 = v1

v2  v f 0.16544  0.0007258
x2   0.859
v fg 0.19255  0.0007258
s2 s f  x2 s fg 0.07182  (0.859)(0.88008) 0.8278kJ / kg K

S m( s2  s1 ) 5(0.8278  1.0625)  1.173kJ / K

15
Ex. 7-4 Entropy Change during a Constant-Pressure Process (1/2)

State 1: P1 = 150 kPa and T1 = 20 oC

Table A-4 s1 s f @ 20C 0.2965kJ / kg K
h1 h f @ 20C 83.915kJ / kg

16
Ex. 7-4 Entropy Change during a Constant-Pressure Process (2/2)

Qin H m(h2  h1 )

4000 1.5(h2  83.915)
h2 2750.6kJ / kg

State 2: P2 = 150 kPa and h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg

Table A-6: s2 = 7.3674 kJ/kg-K

S m( s2  s1 ) 1.5(7.3674  0.2965) 10.61kJ / K

17
7-4 ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called
an isentropic process.

18
Ex. 7-5 Isentropic Expansion of Steam in a Turbine

E in  E out
m h1 W out  m h2
W m (h  h )
out 1 2

State 1: P1 = 5 MPa and T1 = 450 oC

Table A-6
h1 3317.2kJ / kg
s1 6.8210kJ / kg K

State 2: P2 = 1.4 MPa and s2 = s1

Table A-6: h2 = 2967.4 kJ/kg

wout h1  h2 3317.2  2967.4 349.8kJ / kg

19
7-5 PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY

On a T-S
diagram, the
area under the
process curve
represents the
heat transfer
for internally
reversible
processes.

Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram

20
Ex. 7-6 The T-S Diagram of the Carnot Cycle

Wnet ,out QH  QL

Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH)
21
7-6 WHAT IS ENTROPY?

22
In the absence of friction, raising a weight by a rotating
shaft does not create any disorder (entropy), and thus
energy is not degraded during this process.

Being an organized form of energy, work is free of disorder or

randomness and thus free of entropy.
There is no entropy transfer associated with energy
transfer as work.

The paddle-wheel work done on a gas increases

the level of disorder (entropy) of the gas, and
thus energy is degraded during this process.

The paddle-wheel work is converted to the

internal energy of the gas, creating a higher
level of molecular disorder in the container.

The paddle-wheel work is converted to a highly

disorganized form of energy, which cannot be
converted back to the paddle work as the
rotational kinetic energy. 23
Heat is a form of disorganized energy,
and some disorganization (entropy) flows
with heat.

We can conclude that processes can occur only in the direction of

increased overall entropy or molecular disorder.

24
7-7 THE T ds RELATIONS

the first T ds, or Gibbs equation

the second T ds equation

Differential changes
in entropy in terms
of other properties
25
7-8 ENTROPY CHANGE OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Liquids and solids can be
approximated as
incompressible substances
Since for liquids and solids since their specific volumes
remain nearly constant
during a process.

For an isentropic process of an incompressible substance

26
7-9 THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation From the second T ds relation

27
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

Entropy change of an ideal gas on a

unit–mole basis

Under the constant-specific-heat

assumption, the specific heat is assumed to
be constant at some average value.
28
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
We choose absolute zero as the reference
temperature and define a function s° as

On a unit–mass basis

On a unit–mole basis

29
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
2 2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑜 o 𝑇2
∫ v 𝑇 ∫[ 𝑝
𝑐 (𝑇 ) = 𝑐 (𝑇 )− 𝑅 ] 𝑇 2 1
=𝑠 − 𝑠 − 𝑅 ln
𝑇1
1 1
o o
¿ (𝑠 2 − 𝑅 ln 𝑇 2 )−(𝑠1 − 𝑅 ln 𝑇 1)
+ ¿¿
+ ¿− 𝑠1 ¿
¿𝑠 2

A new entropy function s s  R ln T

 0

This equation is more convenient to use when volume information

is given instead of pressure information.
𝑉2
+ ¿+ 𝑅 ln ¿
𝑉1
+¿− 𝑠1 ¿
𝑠2 − 𝑠1=𝑠 2

𝑜 𝑜 𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1=𝑠 − 𝑠 − 𝑅 ln +𝑅 ln
2 1
𝑇1 𝑉1
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31
32
Ex. 7-9 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas
s1o 1.66802 s2o 1.79783 C p ,avg 1.006

33
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

Setting this eq. equal to zero, we get

T2 R P
ln  ln 2
T1 C p P1
R
T P  Cp
ln 2 ln  2 
T1  P1 
R  (k  1)
Cp k

34
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

35
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)

𝑜 𝑜 𝑃2 𝑜 𝑜 𝑃2
0= 𝑠 2 − 𝑠1 =𝑠 − 𝑠 − 𝑅 ln
2 1 𝑠 =𝑠 + 𝑅 ln
𝑃1 2 1
𝑃1
v2 v2
0 s2  s1 s2  s1  R ln s2 s1  R ln
v1 v1

36
Ex. 7-10 Isentropic Compression of Air in a Car Engine

For closed systems (isentropic)

T1 = 295 K (Table A-17)

s1 0.05299
V2
s2 s1  R ln 0.05299  (0.287) ln(1 / 8) 0.64979
V1

T2 662.7 K

Alternative

Guess the average temperature = 450 K (Table

A-2b) k = 1.391
T2 (295)(8)1.391 1 665.2 K
37
Ex. 7-11 Isentropic Expansion of an Ideal Gas (1/2)

 V12  V22 
W out m  h1  h2  
 2 
 V12  V22 
m  c p (T1  T2 ) 
 2 
An anticipated average temperature of 600
K
( k  1) / k 0.376 / 1.376
P  100 
T2 T1  2  (500  273)  412 K
 P1   1000 

38
Ex. 7-11 Isentropic Expansion of an Ideal Gas (2/2)

RT1 (0.287 )(500  273)

v1   0.2219 m 3 / kg
P1 1000
A V (0.05)(150 )
m  1 1  33.8 kg / s
v1 0.2219

 V12  V22 
W out m  c p (T1  T2 )  
 2 
 1502  30 2 
(33.8)  (1.051)(773  412)  
 2 1000 
13190kW 17687.79hp

39
Summary
• The Clausius inequality and entropy
• The increase of entropy principle and entropy generation
• Entropy change of pure substances
• Isentropic processes
• Property diagrams involving entropy
• What is entropy?
• The T ds relations
• Entropy change of liquids and solids
• The entropy change of ideal gases

40