Instruction Set of 8086 Microprocessor

MSc Electronics (II Semester)

Name of Course: Microprocessor
Unit 1 of ELEC/MJ/554(b)

National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology

Aizawl, Mizoram- 796001

15th February 2024

by
Vanlalremruata
Faculty (Contract), NEILIT Aizawll Centre
 Instruction Set of 8086
⚫An instruction is a binary pattern
designed inside a microprocessor to
perform a specific function.
⚫The entire group of instructions that
a microprocessor supports is called
Instruction Set.
⚫8086 has more than 20,000
instructions.
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 Classification of Instruction Set
1. Arithmetic Instructions and Logical
Instruction
2. Data Transfer Instructions
3. Branch and Loop Instruction
4. M/C control Instruction
5. Flag Manipulation Instructions
6. Shift and Rotate Instruction
7. String Instructions

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1. Arithmetic And Logical
Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫ADD Des, Src:
⚫It adds a byte to byte or a word to word.
⚫It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
⚫E.g.:
⚫ADD AL, 74H
⚫ADD DX, AX
⚫ADD AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫ADC Des, Src:
⚫It adds the two operands with CF.
⚫It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
⚫E.g.:
⚫ADC AL, 74H
⚫ADC DX, AX
⚫ADC AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫SUB Des, Src:
⚫It subtracts a byte from byte or a word
from word.
⚫It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
⚫For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag.
⚫E.g.:
⚫SUB AL, 74H
⚫SUB DX, AX
⚫SUB AX, [BX]
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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫SBB Des, Src:
⚫It subtracts the two operands and also
the borrow from the result.
⚫It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
⚫E.g.:
⚫SBB AL, 74H
⚫SBB DX, AX
⚫SBB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫ MUL Src:
⚫It is an unsigned multiplication instruction.
⚫It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two
words to produce a double word.
⚫AX = AL * Src
⚫DX : AX = AX * Src
⚫This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or
AX.
⚫Src can be a register or memory location. And Flags-
OF, CF
⚫Unused bits of destination register is always filled
with sign bit
⚫ IMUL Src:
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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫DIV Src:
⚫It is an unsigned division instruction.
⚫It divides word by byte or double word
by word.
⚫The operand is stored in AX, divisor is
Src and the result is stored as:
⚫AH = remainder, AL = quotient (for
word/byte)
⚫DX=remainder, AX=quotient (for
D-word/word)
⚫IDIV Src:
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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫CBW (Convert Byte to Word):
⚫This instruction converts byte in AL to word in
AX.
⚫The conversion is done by extending the sign
bit of AL throughout AH.
⚫CWD (Convert Word to Double Word):
⚫This instruction converts word in AX to double
word in DX : AX.
⚫The conversion is done by extending the sign
bit of AX throughout
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DX.
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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫INC Src:
⚫It increments the byte or word by one.
⚫The operand can be a register or
memory location.
⚫E.g.: INC AX
⚫INC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫DEC Src:
⚫It decrements the byte or word by one.
⚫The operand can be a register or
memory location.
⚫E.g.: DEC AX
DEC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫CMP Des, Src:
⚫It compares two specified bytes or words.
⚫The Src and Des can be a constant, register or
memory location.
⚫Both operands cannot be a memory location at
the same time.
⚫The comparison is done simply by internally
subtracting the source from destination.
⚫The value of source and destination does not
change, but the flags CF, ZF, SF are modified to
indicate the result.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫NEG Src:
⚫It creates 2’s complement of a
given number.
⚫That means, it changes the sign of
a number.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition)
⚫It is used to make sure that the result of adding
two BCD numbers is adjusted to be a correct
BCD number.
⚫It only works on AL register.

⚫For Subtraction : DAS (Decimal Adjust

after Subtraction)

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 Arithmetic Instructions
⚫AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition):
⚫This Instruction Can be used to convert the
contents of the AL register to unpacked BCD result
⚫i.e. If lower nibble of AL>9 then
1. AL=AL+6 2. AH=AH+1
3. AL=AL AND 0FH
⚫This instruction does not have any operand.
⚫Other ASCII Instructions:
⚫AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction)
⚫AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication)
⚫AAD (ASCII
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 Logical Instructions
⚫NOT Src:
⚫It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s
complement of the specified operand.
⚫The operand can be a register or memory
location.
⚫e,.g NOT AX

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 Logical Instructions
⚫AND Des, Src:
⚫It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
⚫Src can be immediate number, register or
memory location.
⚫Des can be register or memory location.
⚫Both operands cannot be memory locations at
the same time.
⚫CF and OF become zero after the operation.
⚫PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
⚫OR Des, Src:
⚫It performs OR operation of Des and Src.
⚫Src can be immediate number, register or
memory location.
⚫Des can be register or memory location.
⚫Both operands cannot be memory locations at
the same time.
⚫CF and OF become zero after the operation.
⚫PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
⚫XOR Des, Src:
⚫It performs XOR operation of Des and Src.
⚫Src can be immediate number, register or
memory location.
⚫Des can be register or memory location.
⚫Both operands cannot be memory locations at
the same time.
⚫CF and OF become zero after the operation.
⚫PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
⚫TEST Des, Src:
⚫It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
⚫Src can be immediate number, and src/Des can
be register or memory location.
⚫It is Non-Destructive And means Dest is not
modified only flags are affected.
⚫Both operands cannot be memory locations at
the same time.
⚫CF and OF become zero after the operation.
⚫PF, SF and ZF are updated.
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2. Data Transfer Instructions

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫MOV Des, Src:
⚫It is used to copy the content of Src to Des
⚫Src operand can be register, memory location or
immediate operand.
⚫Des can be register or memory operand.
⚫Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at
the same time.
⚫E.g.:
⚫ MOV CX, 037A H
⚫ MOV AL, BL
⚫ MOV BX, [0301 H]
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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫PUSH Operand:
⚫It pushes the operand into top of stack.
⚫E.g.: PUSH BX

⚫POP Des:
⚫It pops the operand from top of stack to Des.
⚫Des can be a general purpose register, segment
register (except CS) or memory location.
⚫E.g.: POP AX
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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫XCHG Des, Src:
⚫This instruction exchanges Src with Des.
⚫It cannot exchange two memory locations
directly.
⚫E.g.: XCHG DX, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫ IN Accumulator, Port Address:
⚫ It transfers the operand from specified port to
accumulator register.
⚫ E.g.: IN AX, 0028 H

⚫ OUT Port Address, Accumulator:

⚫ It transfers the operand from accumulator to specified
port.
⚫ E.g.: OUT 0028 H, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫LEA Register, Src:
⚫It loads a 16-bit register with the
offset address of the data specified
by the Src.
⚫E.g.: LEA BX, [DI]
⚫This instruction loads the contents of
DI (offset) into the BX register.

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫LDS Des, Src:
⚫It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and DS.
⚫The word is placed in the destination register
and the segment is placed in DS.
⚫This instruction Copies the word at the lower
memory address to the Des reg and the word at
the higher address to the segment reg i.e. DS.
⚫E.g.: LDS BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫LES Des, Src:
⚫It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and ES.
⚫The Word is placed in the destination register
and the segment is placed in ES.
⚫This instruction is very similar to LDS except
that it initializes ES instead of DS.
⚫E.g.: LES BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
⚫ LAHF:
⚫ It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH.

⚫ SAHF:
⚫ It copies the contents of AH to lower byte of flag register.

⚫ PUSHF:
⚫ Pushes flag register to top of stack.

⚫ POPF:
⚫ Pops the stack top to flag register.

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 3. Branch/Program Execution Transfer
Instructions
⚫These instructions cause change in the
sequence of the execution of instruction.
⚫This change can be a conditional or
sometimes unconditional.
⚫The conditions are represented by flags.

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 Branch Instructions
⚫CALL Des:
⚫This instruction is used to call a subroutine or
function or procedure.
⚫The address of next instruction after CALL is
saved onto stack.
⚫RET:
⚫It returns the control from procedure to calling
program.
⚫Every CALL instruction should have a RET.
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 Branch Instructions
⚫JMP Des:
⚫This instruction is used for unconditional jump
from one place to another.

⚫Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):

⚫All the conditional jumps follow some
conditional statements or any instruction that
affects the flag.

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 Conditional Jump Table
Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition

JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0

JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0

JB Jump if Below CF = 1

JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1

JC Jump if Carry CF = 1

JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1

JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0

JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0

JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0

JPE Jump if Parity Even PF = 1

JPO Jump if Parity Odd PF = 0

JZ Jump if Zero ZF = 1 35
 Loop Instructions
⚫Loop Des:
⚫This is a looping instruction.
⚫The number of times looping is required is
placed in the CX register.
⚫With each iteration, the contents of CX are
decremented.
⚫ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
⚫INTO (Interrupt on overflow):
⚫This instruction generates type 4 interrupt
(i.e. interrupt for overflow) and causes the
8086 to do an indirect far call a procedure
which is written by the user to handle the
overflow condition.
⚫IRET
⚫To return the execution to the interrupted
program

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4. Machine Control
Instructions
 Machine Control Instructions
HLT (Halt) :- It causes the processor to enter in
to the halt state. It can be stop by INTR,NMI or
RESET pin
NOP (No Opration) :- It causes the processor to
enter in to the wait state for 3 Clock cycles.
WAIT :- It causes the processor to enter in to the
ideal state. Can be stop by TEST, INTR OR NMI pin
LOCK :- This instruction prevents other
processors to take the control of shared
resources. For e.g LOCK IN AL,80H

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5. Flag Manipulation
Instructions
Flag Manipulation Instructions
⚫STC:
⚫It sets the carry flag to 1.

⚫CLC:
⚫It clears the carry flag to 0.

⚫CMC:
⚫It complements the carry flag.

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Flag Manipulation Instructions
⚫STD:
⚫It sets the direction flag to 1.
⚫If it is set, string bytes are accessed from
higher memory address to lower memory
address.

⚫CLD:
⚫It clears the direction flag to 0.
⚫If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from
lower memory address to higher memory
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 Flag Manipulation Instructions
⚫STI:
⚫It sets the Interrupt flag to 1.

⚫CLI:
⚫It clears the Interrupt flag to 0.

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6. Shift And Rotate Instructions
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫SHL/SAL Des, Count:
⚫It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.
⚫It puts zero(s) in LSBs.
⚫MSB is shifted into carry flag.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
register. And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫SHR/SAR Des, Count:
⚫It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.
⚫It puts zero(s)(for SHL) and Sign bit (for SAL)
in MSBs.
⚫LSB is shifted into carry flag.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫ROL Des, Count:
⚫It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
⚫LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
register. And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫ROR Des, Count:
⚫It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
⚫MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
register. And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫RCL Des, Count:
⚫It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
⚫LSB to MSB then MSB is transferred to CF and
CF to LSB.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
register. And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
⚫RCR Des, Count:
⚫It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
⚫MSB to LSB then LSB is transferred to CF and
CF to MSB.
⚫If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
⚫However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL
register. And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
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7. String Manipulation
Instructions
 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫String in assembly language is just a
sequentially stored bytes or words.
⚫There are very strong set of string
instructions in 8086.
⚫By using these string instructions, the size of
the program is considerably reduced.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation Instructions

❑ String : Sequence of bytes or words

❑ 8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement, comparison, scan, load and
store.

❑ REP instruction prefix : used to repeat execution of string instructions

❑ String instructions end with S or SB or SW. S represents string, SB string byte

and SW string word.

❑ Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and that of the
destination operand is stored in DI register.

❑ Depending on the status of DF, SI and DI registers are automatically updated.

❑ DF = 0 ⇒ SI and DI are incremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

❑ DF = 1 ⇒ SI and DI are decremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:
⚫It causes moving of byte or word from one
string to another.
⚫In this instruction, the source string is in Data
Segment referred by DS:SI and destination
string is in Extra Segment referred by ES:DI.
⚫For e.g. movs str1,str2
⚫Movsb
⚫Movsw
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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫LODS / LODSB / LODSW:
⚫It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one
string to another.
⚫In this instruction, the source string is in Data
Segment referred by DS:SI transferred to
Accumulator.
⚫For e.g. lods string
⚫lodsb
⚫lodsw
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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫STOS / STOSB / STOSW:
It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one
string to another.
In this instruction, the string is in Extra Segment
referred by ES:DI transferred to Accumulator.
⚫For e.g. stos string
⚫stosb
⚫stosw

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫CMPS Des, Src:
⚫It compares the string bytes or words.

⚫SCAS String:
⚫It scans a string.
⚫It compares the String with byte in AL or with
word in AX.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫REP (Repeat):
⚫This is an instruction prefix.
⚫It causes the repetition of the instruction until
CX becomes zero.
⚫E.g.: REP MOVSB
⚫ It copies byte by byte contents.

⚫ REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX

becomes zero.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation
Instructions
REP

REPZ/ REPE While CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 1, repeat

execution of string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or (CX) ← (CX) – 1
SCAS until ZF = 0)

REPNZ/ REPNE While CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 0, repeat

execution of string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or (CX) ← (CX) - 1
SCAS until ZF = 1)

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