Fluid Mechanics (CE-201)

Course Instructor

Dr. Ghufran Ahmed Pasha

(Assistant Professor)

Office :Civil Engg. Dept

ghufran.ahmed@uettaxila.edu.pk
Ph : 051-9047648
What do you think about this course?
 Objective

 The objective of subject is to impart basic knowledge of the

physical processes associated with water and its motion that
are essential to the understanding, protection and
improvement of the environment. It deal primarily with the
occurrence and movement of water and other fluids on the
surface of the earth.
 This module develops topics in fluid mechanics of broad
interest to civil engineers, and demonstrates the link between
theoretical studies and their practical application in river and
environmental engineering.
 Fluid
 A fluid is defined as:
“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.
 It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
 Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials which take the shape
of their container.” Or
“Branch of engineering science that studies fluids and forces
on them.” Or
“Fluid Mechanics is a study of the behavior of fluids that are
either at rest or in motion.”
 Solid Mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest
shape.”
 Introduction
 Fluid mechanics is a study of the behavior
of fluids that are, either at rest or in
motion.
 It is one of the primary engineering
sciences that has important applications in
many engineering disciplines. For example
aeronautical and aerospace engineers use
fluid mechanics principles to study flight,
and to design propulsion systems.
 Civil engineers use this subject to design
drainage channels, water networks, sewer
systems and water-resisting structures such
as dams and Levees (dyke, embankment).
Introduction
 Fluid mechanics is used by mechanical engineers to design
pumps, compressors, turbines, control systems, heating and
air conditioning equipment, and to design wind turbines and
solar heating devices.
Introduction
 Chemical and petroleum engineers apply this subject to
design equipment used for filtering, pumping, and mixing
fluids.
 And finally engineers in the electronics and computer
industry use fluid mechanics principles to design switches,
screen displays, and data storage equipment.
Introduction
 Apart from the engineering profession, the principles of fluid
mechanics are also used in biomechanics, where it plays a
vita] role in the understanding of the circulatory, digestive,
and respiratory systems. and in meteorology to study the
motion and effects of tornadoes and hurricanes.
 Branches of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid
Mechanics

Fluid
Hydrostatics Kinematics
Dynamics
 Branches of Fluid Mechanics
 Hydrostatics considers the forces acting on a fluid
at rest.
 Fluid kinematics is the study of the geometry of
fluid motion.
 Fluid dynamics considers the forces that cause
acceleration of a fluid.
 In the modern discipline called Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD), computational approach is
used to develop solutions to fluid mechanics
problems.
 CLOs

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

No CLO Statement PLO Bloom’s
PLO-1
CLO- Explain the basic concepts of fluid at rest
(Engineering C-2
1 and motion.
Knowledge)
PLO-2
CLO- Apply fundamental concepts for problem
(Problem C-3
2 solving in fluid statics and kinematics.
Analysis)
 PLOs
PLO-1
Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
PLO-2
Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research
literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences and engineering sciences.
 Rubrics
 Assignments
 Title/assignment no, in proper cover
 Presentation
 Clarity
 Theory
 Numerical – steps
 (Statement, given data, figure, to find, solution)
 Time span
 Recommended Books
Text Book:
 Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications (10th
Edition)
by E. John Finnemore & Joseph B. Franzini

Reference Books:
 Fluid Mechanics by R.C. Hibbler
 Applied Fluid Mechanics by Robert L. Mott
 Fluid Mechanics by A.K Jain
 A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines by R.S. Khurmi
Course Contents:
 Properties of Fluid Mechanics
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Fluid Kinematics, Fluid Dynamics and
Hydraulics, Distinction between solids and fluids and liquids and Gases,
Brief description of physical properties: Density, specific volume, specific
weight, specific gravity and compressibility, ideal and real fluids,
Viscosity, Newton's Law of Viscosity, Types of Fluids, Units of Viscosity,
Measurement of Viscosity, Surface Tension.
 Fluid Statics
Pressure, Pressure-specific Relationship, Absolute and Gauge Pressure,
Measurement of Pressure, Bourdon Gauge, Pressure Transducer,
Piezometer, Simple Manometer, Differential Manometer, Forces on
submerged planes and curved surfaces and their application, Buoyancy
and stability of submerged and Floating Bodies.
 Course Contents

 Kinematics of fluid Flow

Basic concepts about steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow
and Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow, Path Line, streamline, Streak line
and stream Type, Flow Rate and Velocity, Equation of Continuity for
compressible and incompressible Fluids.
 Energy consideration in Steady Flow
Different forms of Energy in flowing liquid, Bernoulli's Equation and its
application, Head, Free & Forced Vortex.
 Flow Measurement
Measurement of Static Pressure and Velocity, Measurement of Discharge,
Orifices, Nozzles and Mouthpieces, Venturimeter, Sharp-Crested Weirs
and Notches.
 Course Contents

 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits

Darcy-Weisbach equation for flow in pipes, Empirical formulae for pipe
flow, Losses in pipelines, Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Line, Solution
of pipe flow problems, Transmission of Energy through pipes.
 Steady Flow in Open Channels
Chezy's and Manning's equations, Bazin's and Kutter's formula, Most
economical cross-section for open channels.
 Marks Distribution
 Sessionals - 25%
 Attendance – 1%
 Assignments (including class project) – 9%
 Quizes – 10 %
 Mid Term - 25%
 Final Exam - 50%
 Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid

Solid Fluid
 Definite Shape and definite volume.  Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
 Does not flow easily. volume & it assumes the shape of
 Molecules are closer. the container which it occupies.
 Attractive forces between the  Flow easily.
molecules are large enough to retain  Molecules are far apart.
its shape.  Attractive forces between the
 An ideal Elastic Solid deform molecules are smaller.
under load and comes back to  Intermolecular cohesive forces in
original position upon removal of a fluid are not great enough to
load. hold the various elements of fluid
 Plastic Solid does not come back to together. Hence Fluid will flow
original position upon removal of under the action of applied stress.
load, means permanent deformation The flow will be continuous as
takes place. long as stress is applied.
 Distinction between a Gas and Liquid

 The molecules of a gas are  A liquid is relatively

much farther apart than incompressible.
those of a liquid.  If all pressure, except that
 Hence a gas is very of its own vapor pressure,
compressible, and when is removed, the cohesion
all external pressure is between molecules holds
removed, it tends to them together, so that the
expand indefinitely. liquid does not expand
 A gas is therefore in indefinitely.
equilibrium only when it is  Therefore a liquid may
completely enclosed. have a free surface.
Systems of Units
SI Units
FPS Units
 Important Terms
 Density (r):
Mass per unit volume of a substance.
 kg/m3 in SI units m
 Slug/ft3 in FPS system of units

 Density of water is 1g/cm3 or 1000kg/m3
V

Specific weight (g):


w
Weight per unit volume of substance. 
 N/m3 in SI units V
 lbs/ft3 in FPS units
 Sp. Wt. of water is 9.807 kN/m3 or 62.43 lb/ft3.


 
 aregrelated as:
Density and Specific Weight of a fluid

 Where g is the gravitational constant having value 9.8m/s2 or

 Important Terms
 Specific Volume (v):
Volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.

 It is commonly applied to gases, and is usually expressed in

cubic feet per slug (m3/kg in SI units).
 Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

SpecificVo lume v 1 / 
 Important Terms
 Specific gravity:
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance
to the density of water at 4°C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4°C.

l  l
s liquid  
w  w
 Example
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:

1.  water water / g 62.4/32.2 1.938 slugs/ft 3

2. mercury s mercury water 13.56 x62.4 846lb / ft 3
3. mercury s mercury  water 13.56 x1.938 26.3slugs / ft 3

(Where Slug = lb.sec2/ ft)

 Example
A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume,
and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m3
Solution:

1. Density ρ γ /g
ρ 16/9.81 16.631 kg/m 3

2. Specific volume υ 1/ρ

u 1/1.631 0.613 m 3 /kg

3. Specific gravity s γ f /γ air

s 16/12 1.333
 Example
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3. compute its density
and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in kN/m3
Solution:

1. Density   / g
 78.6/32.2 2.44 slugs/ft 3
2. Specific gravity s l / w
s 78.6/62.4 1.260
so  1.260x1000kg/m 3
  1260 Kg/m 3
3. Specific weight in kN/m 3
  x g
 1260 x 9.81 12.36 kN/m 3
 Example
Calculate the specific weight, density, specific volume and
specific gravity of 1litre of petrol weights 7 N.
Solution:
Given Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3
Weight = 7 N
1. Specific weight,
w = Weight of Liquid/volume of Liquid
w = 7/ 10-3 = 7000 N/m3
2. Density, r = g /g
r = 7000/9.81 = 713.56 kg/m3
Solution (Cont.):
3. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/713.56
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
 Example
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
1. Density of Liquid, r = s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/700
= 1.43 x 10-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
 Bulk Modulus
 The bulk modulus of elasticity, or simply the bulk modulus is
a measure of the amount by which a fluid offers a resistance
to compression.
To define this property, consider the cube of fluid in
Fig., where each face has an area A. and is
subjected to an incremental force dF. The intensity of
this force per unit area is the pressure. dp = dF/A.
As a result of this pressure, the original volume V of the
cube will decrease, by dv. This incremental pressure,
divided by this decrease in volume per unit volume,
dv/v, defines the bulk modulus. namely,
 dp The minus sign is included to
Ev 
(dv / v) show that the increase in
pressure (positive) causes a
 v  decrease in volume
Ev    dp
 dv  (negative).
Share your thoughts about bulk Modulus of liquid
and gas…
 Compressibility
 It is defined as:
“Change in volume due to change in pressure.”
 The compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional to
Bulk Modulus (volume modulus of elasticity) (1/Ev).
 Bulk modulus of a substance measures resistance of a
 dp
substance to uniform compression. Ev 
(dv / v)
 v 
Ev    dp
 dv 
 Where; v is the specific volume and p is the pressure.
 Units: Psi, MPa , As v/dv is a dimensionless ratio, the units of
E and p are identical.
 Example
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 81.8Mpa. Assume
that the specific weight of sea water at the surface is 10.05 kN/m 3
and that the average volume modulus is 2.34 x 10 9 N/m3 for that
pressure range.
(a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface ant at that depth?
(b) What will be the specific volume at that depth?
(c) What will be the specific weight at that depth?
Solution:

(a ) v 1 1 / p1  g / 1
Using Equation :
9.81 / 10050 0.000976m 3 / kg
 p
6 9
v  0.000976(81.8 x10  0) /(2.34 x10 ) Ev 
(v / v)
-34.1x10-6 m 3 / kg dv p

v Ev
(b) v 2 v1  v 0.000942 m 3 / kg v2  v1 p 2  p1

v1 Ev

(c) 2  g / v2 9.81 / 0.000942 10410N / m 3

 Viscosity
 Viscosity is a property of a fluid that measures the resistance
to movement of a very thin layer of fluid over an adjacent
one.

 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform

under shear stress.
 It is commonly perceived as thickness, or resistance to flow.
 Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and
may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Thus, water
is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is
 Viscosity
 The friction forces in flowing fluid result from the cohesion
and momentum interchange between molecules.
 All real fluids (except super-fluids) have some resistance to
shear stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress
is known as an ideal fluid.
 It is also known as Absolute Viscosity or Dynamic Viscosity.
Viscosity
 Dynamic Viscosity
 The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as F U du
    
A Y dy
 where the constant of proportionality m (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
 Kinematic Viscosity
 The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as:
“Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.”



One way is to measure a fluid’s resistance to flow when an external force is applied.
This is dynamic viscosity.

The other way is to measure the resistive flow of a fluid under the weight of gravity.
The result is kinematic viscosity.

Put another way, kinematic viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s inherent resistance to
flow when no external force, except gravity, is acting on it.
 Newtonian Fluid
 A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly
proportional to rate of strain, and (named for Isaac
Newton) is a fluid that flows like water, its stress versus
rate of strain curve is linear and passes through the
origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the
viscosity.
 A simple equation to describe Newtonian fluid behavior
is
du
 
dy
 Where m = absolute viscosity/Dynamic viscosity or
simply viscosity
t = shear stress
 Example
Find the kinematic viscosity of liquid in stokes whose
specific gravity is 0.85 and dynamic viscosity is 0.015
poise.
Solution:
Given S = 0.85
m = 0.015 poise
= 0.015 x 0.1 Ns/m2 = 1.5 x 10-3 Ns/m2
We know that S = density of liquid/density of water
density of liquid = S x density of water
r = 0.85 x 1000 = 850 kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity ,
u = m/ r = 1.5 x 10-3/850
= 1.76 x 10-6 m2/s = 1.76 x 10-6 x
104cm2/s
 Example
A 1 in wide space between two horizontal plane surface is
filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 80 F. What
force is required to drag a very thin plate of 4 sq.ft area
through the oil at a velocity of 20 ft/min if the plate is 0.33
in from one surface.
Solution:

 0.0063 lb.sec/ft 2 ( From  A.1)

F U du
    
A Y dy
 1 0.0063 * (20 / 60) /( 0.33 / 12) 0.0764lb / ft 2
 2 0.0063 * (20 / 60) /( 0.67 / 12) 0.0394lb / ft 2
F1  1 A 0.0764 * 4 0.0305lb
F2  2 A 0.0394 * 4 0.158lb
Force F1  F2 0.463lb
Example
 Ideal Fluid
 An ideal fluid may be defined as:
“A fluid in which there is no friction i.e zero viscosity.”
 Although such a fluid does not exist in reality, many fluids
approximate frictionless flow at sufficient distances, and so
their behaviors can often be conveniently analyzed by
assuming an ideal fluid.
 Real Fluid
 In a real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or shearing
forces always come into being whenever motion relative to a
body takes place, thus giving rise to fluid friction, because
these forces oppose the motion of one particle past another.
 These friction forces give rise to a fluid property called
viscosity.
 Cohesion & Adhesion
 Cohesion: “Attraction between molecules of same surface”
It enables a liquid to resist tensile stresses.
 Adhesion: “Attraction between molecules of different
surface” It enables to adhere to another body.
 Surface Tension
 “Surface Tension is the property of a liquid, which enables it
to resist tensile stress”.
 At the interface between liquid and a gas i.e at the liquid
surface, and at the interface between two immiscible (not
mixable) liquids, the attraction force between molecules form
an imaginary surface film which exerts a tension force in the
surface. This liquid property is known as Surface Tension.
Vapor Pressure
 Metric to U.S. System Conversions,
Calculations, Equations, and Formulas

 Millimeters (mm) x 0.03937 = inches (")(in)

 Centimeters (cm) x 0.3937 = inches (")(in)
 Meters (m) x 39.37 = inches (")(in)
 Meters (m) x 3.281 = feet (')(ft)
 Meters (m) x 1.094 = yards (yds)
 Kilometers (km) x 0.62137 = miles (mi)
 Kilometers (km) x 3280.87 = feet (')(ft)
 Liters (l) x 0.2642 = gallons (U.S.)(gals)
 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Bars x 14.5038 = pounds per square inch (PSI)

 Kilograms (kg) x 2.205 = Pounds (P)
 Kilometers (km) x 1093.62 = yards (yds)
 Square centimeters x 0.155 = square inches
 Liters (l) x 0.0353 = cubic feet
 Square meters x 10.76 = square feet
 Square kilometers x 0.386 = square miles
 Cubic centimeters x 0.06102 = cubic inches
 Cubic meters x 35.315 = cubic feet
 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Inches (")(in) x 25.4 = millimeters (mm)

 Inches (")(in) x 2.54 = centimeters (cm)
 Inches (")(in) x 0.0254 = meters (m)
 Feet (')(ft) x 0.3048 = meters (m)
 Yards (yds) x 0.9144 = meters (m)
 Miles (mi) x 1.6093 = kilometers (km)
 Feet (')(ft) x 0.0003048 = kilometers (km)
 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Gallons (gals) x 3.78 = liters (l)

 Cubic feet x 28.316 = liters (l)
 Pounds (P) x 0.4536 = kilograms (kg)
 Square inches x 6.452 = square centimeters
 Square feet x 0.0929 = square meters
 Square miles x 2.59 = square kilometers
 Acres x 4046.85 = square meters
 Cubic inches x 16.39 = cubic centimeters
 Cubic feet x 0.0283 = cubic meters