2nd lecture

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (ARCH 403)

prepared by

ARC. M M AMINU
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,ABU ZARIA
mamzayopmo@hotmail.com
Contents ( ROOF)
1. Introduction : i). Definition; ii). Functions of roof; iii).
Choice of roof; iv) types of roof
2. Single storey industrial roofing : a). Introduction b). Portal
frames
i. Concrete portal frame ii. Steel portal frame
iii. Wooden Portal frame

3. Built up Flat Roof (Decks) i). Types :precast and in-situ

ii). Up-stand beams iii) thermal expansion
iv). Water proof membrane v). Drainage/gutter

4. Lattice Steel Girders: a). Primary girders b). Secondary

girders
5. Steel Space Decks: a). advantage b). Disadvantages
PORTAL FRAME
INTRODUCTION
it was developed during second world war, but now the most
common form of enclosure for spans of 15 to 60 m.

It is defined as a rigid structural frame consisting of two

uprights connected at the top by a third member

The main objective of this

form of design is to reduce
bending moment in the beam,
which allows the frame to
act as one structural unit
PORTAL FRAME Cont……
ADVANTAGES
The continuity of frames remove the need for lattice members that
normally would withstand bending
Can economically enclose a large area
Good floor to ceiling heights
Frame quicker to build than walls saving time and money
There is proper utilization of roof space for storage and production
There is neat appearance in the interior space.

A typical frame is characterised by:

A span between 15 and 60 m.
A clear height (from the top of the floor to the underside of the
haunch) between 5 and 12 m.
A roof pitch between 5° and 10° (6° is commonly adopted)
A frame spacing between 6 and 8 m.
TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
Portal frames can also be classified
according to the material into 3:
I). concrete
II). wooden; and III). steel portal frames. wooden portal
frame

Concrete portal frame steel portal frame

TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
a). REINFORCED CONCRETE PORTAL FRAME
This was introduced following the end of the second world
war (1945) due to the considerable shortage of structural steel.
It came into common use for agricultural, storage, factory etc.
It is classified into: Precast; and in-situ Reinforced Concrete
Portal Frame
I). Precast Reinforced Concrete Portal Frame
It comes in 3 members
For convenience in casting, transport
and erection on site, Pre-cast portal frame
are generally cast into two or more sections
which are bolted together on site either at
point of contra-flexure (zero moment) in
rafters or at junction of post and rafter, or
both as shown bellow:
Concrete PORTAL FRAME Cont…
 The point of contra-flexure
is that position along the
rafters where negative or
upward bending changes to
positive or downward
bending.
 At this point, the member
is presumed to be suffering
no bending stresses, so that
structurally this is the
soundest point to make a
connection.
Concrete PORTAL FRAME CONT…
Advantages of Precast Reinforced Concrete Portal
Frame
I.Members are easily mass produced because much of
the work is carried out at ground level
II.There is close control on curing and concrete quality
III.There is low maintenance cost
IV.Better resistance to fire
V.Resists lateral wind pressure
because of use of concrete purlins
I.Quick erection on site
Concrete PORTAL FRAME Cont…

Concrete Rafter and Purlins Purlin

connection
Concrete PORTAL FRAME CONT..
SPANS FOR PORTAL FRAMES
It is normally between 4.5m to 6.0m spacing concrete
Clear Span is 10m to 24m

The concrete purlins are cast to span-lengths and

bolted to the rafters
Concrete PORTAL FRAME CONT..
 The bases of concrete portal frame are placed in mortises
cast in
concrete pad or strip foundations and
grouted in position.
TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
CONT…
MULTI SPAN SYMMETRICALLY PITCHED R.C. PORTAL
FRAME
This is similar to the single span R.C. Portal frame but is
multi-span width.
Grid spans can be increased to 9m or even 12m by the use
of precast or cast in-situ cast beams which support
intermediate rafters.
The centre post supports the adjacent rafters at the valley of
the roof and is designed to received a precast concrete valley
gutter which is secured to the rafters
Concrete PORTAL FRAME cont…
Using Steel Purlins
Concrete PORTAL FRAME cont….
USING CONCRETE PURLINS
Concrete PORTAL FRAME cont….
USING CONCRETE PURLINS
Concrete Portal frame
cont…
 The
STEEL PORTAL FRAME
b). STEEL PORTAL FRAME
This differs to concrete portal
frames which carries in 3 members
but steel comes in 4 connections

TYPES OF STEEL PORTAL FRAME

There are 2 types:
I.Solid web: which is the I-section
II.Lattice steel: which contains trusses
STEEL PORTAL FRAME

I). Solid Web Steel Portal Frame

It is sub-divided into:
Symmetrical Pitched Solid Webbed
Steel Portal Frames and
Asymmetrical Pitched Solid Webbed
Steel Portal Frames
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT…..
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT….
STEEL PORTAL FRAME
CONT….
PORTAL FRAME
Steel Portal Frames
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT….
Steel Portal Frames
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT….
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT….

Pinned based Connection

Fixed based connection
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONT….

Pinned based Connection

Fixed based connection
PORTAL FRAME
Steel Portal Frames
PORTAL FRAME
Symmetrical Pitched Solid Webbed Steel Portal Frames
These are fabricated from standard solid webbed I-sections
welded or bolted together to form a rigid framework.
Steel purlins are bolted to the rafters at centres suitable for the
roof-covering material.
LATTICE STEEL PORTAL FRAME
II). LATTICE STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
These are portal frames from light steel sections welded to obtain
rafters and posts which are bolted together from units to form
rigid structures.
These can also be single or double spanned with grid layouts of
4.5 to 6.0m and 10.0m to 24.0m free span.
These can be rigidly fixed or pin jointed.
LATTICE STEEL PORTAL FRAME
CONT..
Advantage
Advantage of a pin jointed steel frame work is that
it withstands deformation in subsidence areas, where rigid
structures will deform.
Advantage of lattice over solid
They are more economical than solid web portal frame but has
many small parts which makes regular painting uneconomical.
TIMBER PORTAL FRAME
C). TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
Timber portal frames offer a strong and sound structure.
 Structural action is achieved through rigid connections
between
column and rafter at the knees, and between the individual
rafter members at the ridge.
Natural timber has structural
limitations because of its strength
variations, even when taken from
the same log.
Timber portal frames are
commonly prefabricated using
engineered wood products, such
as laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
or glue-laminated timber (glulam).
TIMBER PORTAL FRAME cont…
a). Laminated Timber Portal Frames
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a high-strength
engineered wood product used primarily for structural
applications.
It is manufactured by bonding together sliced thin wood
veneers under heat and pressure.
it spans about 15m.
Fabricated from two sections, they
are erected and bolted together at the site
Timber or zed steel purlins are used
on the rafters of the frame and light
weight roof covering used
LAMINATED TIMBER PORTAL
FRAME
Advantage of Laminated Timber Portal Frames
The sections are light resulting in light dead load to the
foundation
Their arch-like appearance make them suitable for use in
religious buildings, community centres and assembly halls.
Dis-Advantage of Laminated Timber Portal Frames
The labour and
machinery involved in its
fabrication makes it more
expensive than the
concrete and steel
portal frames.
ASSIGNMENT
Using well labeled sketches and atleast
10 important details, compare and
contrast Laminated Timber Portal
Frame and Glued and Nailed Timber
Portal Frame
THANK YOU