Section 12

AC Machines

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Unit 32

Three-Phase Motors

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Objectives

• After studying this unit, you should be able to:

• Discuss the basic operating principles of three-phase
motors
• List factors that produce a rotating magnetic field
• List different types of three-phase motors
• Discuss the operating principles of squirrel-cage motors

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Objectives (Cont’d)

• After studying this unit, you should be able to:

• Connect dual-voltage motors for proper operation on the
desired voltage
• Discuss the operation of consequent-pole motors
• Discuss the operation of wound-rotor motors
• Discuss the operation of synchronous motors
• Determine the direction of rotation of a three-phase motor
using a phase rotation meter

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Preview

• Three-phase motors
• Used throughout the United States and Canada as the
prime mover for industry
• Convert three-phase AC into mechanical energy to operate
all types of machinery
• Smaller, lighter, and have higher efficiencies per
horsepower than single-phase motors
• Extremely rugged and require minimal maintenance

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Three-Phase Motors

• Basic types of three-phase motors

• Squirrel-cage induction motor
• Wound-rotor induction motor
• Synchronous motor
• All operate on the same principle
• All use same basic design for stator windings
• Difference: type of rotor used

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 The Rotating Magnetic Field

• Operating principle
• Rotating magnetic field
• Caused by:
• Voltages 120º out of phase
• Voltages periodically changing polarity
• Arrangement of the stator windings

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Synchronous Speed

• Rotational speed of the

magnetic field
• Determined by:
• Number of stator poles
(per phase)
• Frequency of applied
voltage

FIGURE 32–11 Stator of a three-phase motor.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Synchronous Speed (Cont’d)

• Synchronous speed calculation

• S = 120 f / P
• S = speed in RPM
• F = frequency in Hz
• P = number of stator poles (per phase)

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Determining the Direction of Rotation for
Three-Phase Motors
• Direction of rotation
• Can be changed by reversing two stator leads
• Determined in two basic ways
• Make an electric connection to the motor before it is mechanically
connected to the load
• Use a phase rotation meter to compare phase rotation of two
different three-phase connections

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors

• Many motors operate

on two different
voltages, such as 240
volts and 480 volts
• Two sets of windings
per phase
• Most bring out nine T
FIGURE 32–15 Standard numbering for three-
leads at the terminal box phase motors.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors (Cont’d)

• High-voltage connections
• Three-phase motors can be constructed to operate in either
wye or delta
• Connected to high voltage: phase windings are connected
in series
• Connected for low-voltage operation: phase windings must
be connected in parallel

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 FIGURE 32–17 High-voltage delta connection.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 FIGURE 32–19 Low-voltage wye connection.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
Voltage and Current Relationships for
Dual-Voltage Motors

FIGURE 32–23 Impedance adds in series.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
Voltage and Current Relationships for
Dual-Voltage Motors (Cont’d)

FIGURE 32–24 Impedance is less in parallel.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

• Rotor resembles a
squirrel cage
• Contains bars connected
to end rings
• Principle of operation
• Current flow in rotor is
produced by induced
voltage from rotating
magnetic field of stator FIGURE 32–25 Basic squirrel-cage rotor
without laminations.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (Cont’d)

• Induced voltage is determined by:

• Strength of magnetic field of stator
• Number of turns of wire cut by magnetic field
• Speed of cutting action
• Torque is determined by:
• Strength of stator and rotor magnetic fields
• Phase angle difference between rotor and stator fields

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (Cont’d)

• Starting characteristics
• Amount of starting current is determined by:
• Type of rotor bars
• Horsepower rating of the motor
• Applied voltage

• Percent slip
• Induction motor speed performance
• Determined by subtracting synchronous speed from rotor speed

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (Cont’d)

• Rotor frequency
• f = P ×SR/120
• Reduced voltage starting
• Large amount of starting current may be requited
• If voltage is reduced, starting torque is reduced

• Code letters
• Indicate bar types used

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (Cont’d)

• Additional concepts
• Double-squirrel-cage rotor
• Power factor of squirrel-cage induction motors
• Single-phasing
• Effects of voltage variation on motors
• Determining the amount of voltage unbalance
• Heat rise
• Motor nameplate data

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (Cont’d)

• Additional concepts
• Consequent-pole squirrel-cage motors
• Motor calculations
• Horsepower
• hp = 6.2822× rpm × L × P / 33,000
• Output power
• Power out = 746 W/hp × 0.438 hp
• Motor efficiency
• Eff. = power out/power in × 100

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Wound-Rotor Induction Motor

• Popular in industry
• High starting torque and low starting current
• Same stator windings as squirrel-cage motor
• Rotor is constructed by winding three separate coils on the rotor
120º apart
• Additional concepts
• Principles of operation
• Starting characteristics
• Speed control
© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
FIGURE 32–49 The rotor of a wound-rotor motor is connected to external resistors.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Synchronous Motors

• Characteristics
• Not an induction motor
• Does not depend on induced current
• Operates at constant speed
• Must have DC excitation to operate
• Operates at speed of rotating magnetic field
• Able to correct its own power factor and that of other
devices on the same line

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Synchronous Motors (Cont’d)

• Additional concepts
• Rotor construction
• Starting a synchronous motor
• The field-discharge resistor
• Constant-speed operation
• Power supply and power factor correction

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Synchronous Motors (Cont’d)

• Additional concepts
• Interaction of the DC and AC fields
• Synchronous motor applications
• Advantages of the synchronous condenser

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
FIGURE 32–53 The field-discharge resistor is connected in parallel with the rotor winding during starting.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Selsyn Motors

• Used for position control and angular feedback

information
• Contain three-phase windings
• Although they operate on single-phase AC

• Additional concepts
• Selsyn motor operation
• The differential selsyn

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 FIGURE 33–58 Selsyn motor.
© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 FIGURE 33–61 Differential selsyn connection.

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Summary

• Basic types of three-phase motors

• Squirrel-cage induction motor
• Wound-rotor induction motor
• Synchronous motor

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Summary (Cont’d)

• Causes of magnetic field rotation

• Voltages of a three-phase system are 120° out of phase
with each other
• Voltages change polarity at regular intervals
• Arrangement of the stator winding

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Summary (Cont’d)

• Factors that determine synchronous speed

• Number of stator poles per phase
• Frequency of applied voltage
• Factors that determine torque produced by an
induction motor
• Strength of magnetic field of stator and rotor
• Phase angle difference between rotor and stator flux

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Summary (Cont’d)

• Double-squirrel-cage rotor
• Contains two sets of squirrel-cage windings
• Consequent-pole squirrel-cage motors
• Change speed by changing the number of stator poles
• Wound-rotor induction motors
• Have wound rotors that contain three-phase windings

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Summary (Cont’d)

• Synchronous motors
• Operate at synchronous speed
• Must have DC excitation from external source
• Able to produce a leading power factor by overexcitation of
DC supplied to the rotor
• Selsyn motors
• Used to provide position control and angular feedback
information

© 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.