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Population Dynamics

The document discusses population dynamics, defining a population as a group of individuals of the same species living together and interbreeding. It highlights the factors influencing population size, including birth, death, immigration, and emigration, as well as secondary ecological events that can be density-dependent or independent. Additionally, it covers population growth strategies, distinguishing between r-selection and K-selection, and the implications of environmental carrying capacity on population stability.

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Mark Allen L. Vicente
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2 views26 pages

Population Dynamics

The document discusses population dynamics, defining a population as a group of individuals of the same species living together and interbreeding. It highlights the factors influencing population size, including birth, death, immigration, and emigration, as well as secondary ecological events that can be density-dependent or independent. Additionally, it covers population growth strategies, distinguishing between r-selection and K-selection, and the implications of environmental carrying capacity on population stability.

Uploaded by

Mark Allen L. Vicente
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POPU LA T IO N

DYNA M IC S A N D
ULA T ION G R OW T H
POP 122-18
CROP
POPULATION
• IS A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS (ALL MEMBERS OF A
SINGLE SPECIES) WHO LIVE TOGETHER IN THE SAME
HABITAT AND ARE LIKELY TO INTERBREED.

• EACH POPULATION HAS A UNIQUE PHYSICAL


DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE.

• IT MAY CONTAIN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES


AND ITS SIZE (DENSITY) IS LIKELY TO CHANGE OVER
TIME, GROWING OR SHRINKING ACCORDING TO THE
REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF ITS MEMBERS.
POPULATION DYNAMICS
• THE STUDY OF POPULATION DYNAMICS FOCUSES
ON THESE CHANGES — HOW, WHEN, AND WHY THEY
OCCUR.

• INENTOMOLOGY, A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF


POPULATION DYNAMICS IS USEFUL FOR
INTERPRETING SURVEY DATA, PREDICTING PEST
OUTBREAKS, AND EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF CONTROL TACTICS.
FOUR PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL
EVENTS THAT INFLUENCE THE SIZE
(DENSITY) OF A POPULATION.

• BIRTH (NATALITY)
• DEATH (MORTALITY)
• IMMIGRATION
• EMIGRATION
RELATIONSHIP CAN BE EXPRESSED
IN A SIMPLE EQUATION
OTHER FACTORS:
SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL EVENTS

• ALLOTHER FACTORS (BOTH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC)


EXERT THEIR IMPACT ON POPULATION DENSITY BY
INFLUENCING ONE (OR MORE) OF THE VARIABLES ON
THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE OF THE ABOVE EQUATION.

• MAY AFFECT THE FREQUENCY, EXTENT, MAGNITUDE,


OR DURATION OF A PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL EVENT.

• COLD WINTER TEMPERATURES,


OTHER FACTORS:
SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL EVENTS

• SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL EVENTS CAN BE DIVIDED


INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:

• DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS
• DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS.
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS

• INCLUDE EVENTS OR CONDITIONS,


OFTEN WEATHER- OR CLIMATE-
RELATED, THAT AFFECT ALL
INDIVIDUALS EQUALLY, REGARDLESS
OF THE OVERALL POPULATION
DENSITY.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTOR
• INCLUDE EVENTS OR CONDITIONS THAT
CHANGE IN SEVERITY AS A POPULATION’S
SIZE INCREASES OR DECREASES

• PREDATION,PARASITISM, DISEASE,
AND ALSO COMPETITION
TYPE OF COMPETITION

•INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
•INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
• IN A SMALL POPULATION,
MEMBERS
MAY FACE COMPETITION MOSTLY
FROM INDIVIDUALS OF OTHER
SPECIES WHO USE THE SAME
RESOURCES
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

•INLARGE POPULATIONS, HOWEVER,


COMPETITION MAY ALSO COME FROM
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SAME
SPECIES
COMPETITION
• INEITHER CASE, COMPETITION UNDERMINES
SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.

• ANY PHYSICAL TRAIT OR BEHAVIOURAL


ADAPTATION THAT REDUCES OR ELIMINATES
COMPETITION IS LIKELY TO BE FAVOURED BY
NATURAL SELECTION.
TYPES OF INTERACTIONS
• COMPETITION – THE RIVALRY OF TWO SPECIES FOR SURVIVAL
• MUTUALISM – THE TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES IN WHICH THEY BOTH BENEFITS
• PREDATION – ONE SPECIES KILL OTHER SPECIES FOR SURVIVAL
• COMMENSALISM – TWO SPECIES IN WHICH ONE SPECIES IS BENEFITED AND
THE OTHER IS NOT HARM

• SYMBIOSIS - BOTH SPECIES BENEFITED WHITH EACH OTHER


• PARASITISM – THE PARASITE LIVES ON OR INSIDE ANOTHER ORGANISM TO
SURVIVE
DENSITY- DEPENDENT
EMIGRATION

• (MOVEMENT AWAY FROM CROWDED


CONDITIONS) IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT
REGULATOR OF POPULATION SIZE
COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS

• ALSO GIVE POPULATIONS A COMPETITIVE


ADVANTAGE, ALLOWING THEM TO REDUCE
MORTALITY, USE RESOURCES MORE EFFICIENTLY,
OR ACCOMPLISH TASKS THAT COULD NOT BE
PERFORMED BY SOLITARY INDIVIDUALS.
P OP U L AT IO N
G R O W T H
CROP122-18
POPULATION GROWTH

• WHEN FOOD IS ABUNDANT AND


GROWING CONDITIONS ARE
FAVOURABLE, A POPULATION HAS THE
POTENTIAL TO INCREASE IN NUMBER
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
INTRINSIC GROWTH RATE
• IT IS A MEASURE OF HOW QUICKLY THE
INCREASE OCCURS.
• GROWTH IS SAID TO BE GEOMETRIC WHEN
EACH GENERATION’S INCREASE IS A CONSTANT
PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION SIZE.
• GEOMETRIC GROWTH IS ALSO KNOWN
AS EXPONENTIAL GROWTH BECAUSE THE
LARGER THE POPULATION GETS, THE FASTER
IT GROWS.
INTRINSIC GROWTH
RATE
• (“r”)
WITH A 5% GROWTH RATE, FOR EXAMPLE, A
POPULATION OF 50 BEETLES WOULD GROW BY
ONLY 31 INDIVIDUALS IN 10 GENERATIONS
WHEREAS A POPULATION OF 10,000 WOULD
GROW BY 6,289 DURING THE SAME AMOUNT OF
TIME.

• THE “J-SHAPED” CURVE IN FIGURE 1


REPRESENTS THE TYPICAL FORM OF AN
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH CURVE.
Environmental carrying capacity (“K”)
• THEUPPER LIMIT ON POPULATION DENSITY IS
CALLED THE
ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY
(USUALLY REPRESENTED BY THE SYMBOL “K”).

• AS POPULATION DENSITY APPROACHES THE


CARRYING CAPACITY, COMPETITION BECOMES
MORE INTENSE, MORTALITY INCREASES, THE
BIRTH RATE DROPS, AND ANY ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING ALTERNATIVES IS POSSIBLE:
Environmental carrying capacity (“K”)
• THE POPULATION MAY LEVEL OUT AND STABILIZE
BELOW THE CARRYING CAPACITY. THIS PATTERN
IS KNOWN AS A LOGISTIC OR SIGMOID (S-
SHAPE) GROWTH CURVE.

• THE POPULATION MAY BRIEFLY OVERSHOOT THE


CARRYING CAPACITY AND THEN CRASH,
RESULTING IN REPEATED CYCLES OF “BOOM”
AND “BUST”.

• THE POPULATION MAY OSCILLATE AROUND (OR


BELOW) THE CARRYING CAPACITY.
r änd K- selection
• SOME INSECTS ARE ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNISTS.

• THEY EXPLOIT DISTURBED OR UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENTS, TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF


TRANSIENT RESOURCES, PRODUCE LARGE NUMBERS OF OFFSPRING IN SHORT PERIODS OF
TIME, AND RAPIDLY DISPERSE INTO NEW HABITATS WHEN CONDITIONS TURN UNFAVOURABLE.

• THIS LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY, OFTEN CALLED “R-SELECTION,” IS TYPICALLY FOUND IN


SPECIES THAT HAVE A SHORT LIFE CYCLE, SMALL BODY SIZE, AND HIGH MOBILITY (EX. HOUSE
FLIES).

• MOST INDIVIDUALS IN “R-SELECTED” POPULATIONS DIE BEFORE REACHING SEXUAL MATURITY


SO A HIGH REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE SPECIES TO AVOID
EXTINCTION.

• THESE INSECTS OFTEN PLAY A MAJOR ROLE AS COLONIZERS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION — THEY ARE ALSO LIKELY TO BE REGARDED AS PESTS IF THEIR
COLONIAL EMPIRE SPREADS INTO FARMS, RANCHES, OR HUMAN HABITATIONS!
r änd K- selection
• ON THE OTHER HAND, LIFE EXPECTANCY IS USUALLY LONGER FOR SPECIES THAT
LIVE IN STABLE HABITATS (LIKE MATURE GRASSLANDS OR CLIMAX FORESTS).

• MORE OF THESE INDIVIDUALS REACH SEXUAL MATURITY AND POPULATIONS


TEND TO STABILIZE NEAR THE ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY. UNDER
THESE CONDITIONS, OFTEN CALLED “K-SELECTION,”
THERE IS NO PARTICULAR ADVANTAGE TO HAVING LARGE NUMBERS OF
OFFSPRING. SELECTION PRESSURES FOCUS ON INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
AND EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES.

• “K-SELECTED” SPECIES OFTEN HAVE LONGER LIFE CYCLES, LARGER BODY SIZE,
AND RELATIVELY LOW GROWTH RATES.
r änd K- selection

• ECOLOGISTS RECOGNIZE THAT R- AND K-SELECTION ARE OPPOSITE ENDS IN A


BROAD SPECTRUM OF LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES.

• MOST SPECIES FALL SOMEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RANGE WITH A BLEND
OF “R-SELECTED” AND “K-SELECTED” CHARACTERISTICS. ANTS AND TERMITES,
FOR EXAMPLE, PRODUCE LARGE NUMBERS OF SMALL, EXPENDABLE OFFSPRING
BUT THEY HAVE LONG-LIVED COLONIES THAT ARE HIGHLY COMPETITIVE IN
STABLE ENVIRONMENTS.
END

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