PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

19U003 - INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS DESIGN

ANALOG FILTERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Yasar Arafath (21U251)

Madhumita K (22U226)
Nemi Siva Saravani M J (22U228)
Premalatha P (22U230)
Date: 19/03/2025 Shreya (22U241)
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 Table of contents
01 Introduction to Analog Filters

02 Types of Analog Filters

Filter Design and
03 Realization

04 Filter Approximation Techniques

Applications of Analog
05 Filters

06 Reference

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0 INTRODUCTIO
N TO ANALOG
1 FILTERS

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An analog filter is an electronic circuit designed to process
continuous signals, such as audio, radio frequencies, or
sensor outputs. Its primary purpose is to allow certain
frequencies to pass through while attenuating others.

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 Types of analog
02
filters

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03 Filter design
and
Realization

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Passive filters
Low Pass Filter

First order RC filter

First order LC filter

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Design of passive filters

First order RC filter First order LC filter

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Limitations of Passive filters
➢ There is no amplification of the input signal in a passive low
pass filter.
➢ Its gain remains less than or equal to 1.
➢ Cascading stages for higher order passive filters results in
the loss of amplitude of the signal.
➢ The load impedance affects the characteristics of the filter

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Active filters
➢ The active filter is a type of filter that comprises of one or
more than one active component such as transistors,
amplifiers or OP-Amps.
➢ In contrast to passive filters, Active filter’s have an
amplification factor which can be modified.
➢ They have high input impedance and low output impedance
which nullifies the loading effect that occurs in passive
filters.

OP- Amps configuration

➢ Non-inverting Configuration
➢ Inverting Configuration
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First order Low pass filter
Non-inverting Inverting Configuration
Configuration

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2nd order Low pass filter
Cascade Sallen Key Topology

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Switched-capacitor filters
➢ Switched-capacitor technology first arose from the need to
implement analogue filters as integrated circuits.

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The frequency response of Low pass
filter

First order Second order Filter

Filter

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04 Filter
Approximatio
n Techniques

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Filter Approximation Techniques
Filters are essential components in signal processing, used to
remove unwanted frequencies while preserving the desired ones.
Ideal filters (Brick-wall filters) are mathematically perfect but
not realizable due to their non-causal nature. Hence, practical
filters are designed using approximation techniques, each with
trade-offs in parameters like passband flatness, stopband
attenuation, phase response, and roll-off rate

The four main filter approximation techniques are:

1. Butterworth Filter (Maximally Flat Response)

2. Chebyshev Filter (Rippled Response - Type I & II)
3. Bessel Filter (Linear Phase Response)
4. Elliptic Filter (Sharp Roll-Off, Minimized Order)

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1. Butterworth Filter Approximation
The Butterworth filter provides the smoothest frequency
response with no ripples in the passband or stopband. It is often
used in audio and RF applications where a smooth frequency
response is required.
Key Characteristics:

● Flat Passband: No ripples, ensuring a smooth

signal response.
● Gradual Roll-Off: The transition from
passband to stopband is smooth.
● Order Dependence: Higher-order filters
provide sharper roll-offs.
● Consistent Performance: Well-suited for
audio processing and data acquisition.

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Design of Butterworth Filter
The Butterworth polynomial is given
by:

Where:

● ωc is the cutoff frequency.

● N is the order of the filter.

Applications:

✔ Audio Processing
✔ Communication Systems
✔ Data Acquisition

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2. Chebyshev Filter Approximation
Chebyshev filters achieve a steeper roll-off than
Butterworth but at the cost of ripples in either the
passband (Type-I) or stopband (Type-II).

Key Characteristics:

● Chebyshev Type I has ripple in the

passband but a monotonic stopband.
● Chebyshev Type II has ripple in the
stopband but a smooth passband.
● Steeper roll-off than Butterworth for the same
order.
● Used when sharper cutoff is more important
than phase distortion.

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Design of Chebyshev Filter
The magnitude response of a Type I Chebyshev
filter is given by:

Where:

● Cn​(x) is the Chebyshev polynomial of order

n.
● ϵ controls the passband ripple.
● For Type II, the equation is slightly modified
to introduce ripples in the stopband.

Applications:

✔ Radar & Communication Systems

✔ Signal Processing
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 Frequency Response graph

Chebyshev Type- 1 Chebyshev Type- 2

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3. Elliptic Filter Approximation
Elliptic filters provide the sharpest transition between
passband and stopband with equiripple behavior in both
regions.
Key Characteristics:

● Fastest Roll-Off: Among all

classical filters.
● Equiripple Response: In
both passband and stopband.
● Higher Complexity: Requires
more components for
implementation.

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Design of Elliptic Filter
The magnitude response follows:

Where:

● Where RN(x) is the elliptic rational

function.

Applications:

✔ High-Performance Communication
Systems
✔ Audio Equalization

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3. Bessel Filter Approximation
Bessel filters maintain a linear phase response, preserving the shape
of time-domain signals.

Key Characteristics:

● Maximally Flat Group

Delay: Ensures minimal signal
distortion.
● Slower Roll-Off: Compared to
Butterworth and Chebyshev
filters.
● Ideal for Time-Domain
Applications: Suitable for
audio and data transmission..

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Design of Bessel Filter
The transfer function is based on Bessel
polynomials:

● The poles are derived from

the roots of the Bessel
polynomial.

Applications:

✔ Audio Signal Processing

✔ Pulse Shaping in Digital

Communications

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05
Applications Of
Analog Filters

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 1.Audio Processing
● Purpose: Enhances the quality of sound.
● Example:In music systems, analog filters
adjust bass and treble or reduce noise for
a cleaner sound.
● Impact: Ensures high-fidelity sound in
recording studios and home theaters.
● Types of Filters used
1. Low-pass Filter:
Example: Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
low-pass filter circuit made with an op-
amp, resistors, and capacitors. It is used in
audio systems to remove high-frequency
noise or hiss.

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1.Audio Processing
2. High-pass Filter:
Example: RC High-Pass Filter
In audio systems, it is often used to
remove low-frequency rumble or hum,
such as unwanted low-end noise from
microphones or speakers.

3.Band-pass Filter:
Example: Multiple Feedback Band-Pass
Filter
In an equalizer, it can be used to isolate
specific frequency bands for adjustments
(e.g., enhancing mid-range frequencies in
a vocal track).
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2.Communication System
● Purpose: Filters unwanted frequencies to isolate
desired signals.
● Example: In FM radios, band-pass filters allow us
to tune into specific radio stations.
● Impact: Enables clear signal transmission and
reception in mobile phones, radios, and televisions.
● Types of Filters used:
1. Band-pass Filter:
Example: Crystal Band-Pass Filter
They are often used in radio receivers, especially in
older communication systems like HF (high
frequency) radio equipment. These filters help
isolate the desired frequency band (e.g., a specific
radio station or channel) while rejecting nearby
unwanted signals and noise.
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2.Communication System
2.Low-pass Filter
Example: Butterworth Low-Pass Filter
It's commonly used in communication systems
to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal,
ensuring that only the necessary frequencies are
sent, thus reducing interference with other
systems.

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3.Medical Devices
● Purpose: Processes biomedical signals for
accurate diagnosis.
● Example: An ECG machine uses analog filters
to remove noise from heart signal recordings.
● Impact: Provides accurate and noise-free
medical measurements.
● Types of Filters used:
1. Low-pass Filter:
Example: RC Low-Pass Filter
In electrocardiogram (ECG) systems, an RC low-
pass filter is used to remove high-frequency
electrical noise, such as interference from
nearby devices, while preserving the heart's
bioelectric signals.

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3.Medical Devices
2.High-pass Filter:
Example: Active High-Pass Filter
This filter removes low-frequency baseline drifts
and unwanted low-frequency components in ECG
signals, ensuring that the desired heart rhythm
signal is clearly visible

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4.Power Systems
● Purpose: Removes harmonics and stabilizes
electrical power.
● Example: Filters in industrial power supplies
reduce distortions for sensitive equipment.
● Impact: Ensures stable and efficient energy
delivery.
● Types of Filters Used:
1.Low-pass Filter
Example: LC Low-Pass Filter used in power
supplies to remove high-frequency noise from
rectified signals. This filter uses an inductor (L)
and a capacitor (C) to smooth the output of
power supplies, ensuring cleaner power is
delivered to sensitive electronics.

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4.Power Systems
2.Band-stop Filter
Example: Twin-T Notch Filter
It is used to remove a narrow range of unwanted
frequencies from a signal. In power systems, it is
used to eliminate harmonic frequencies generated
by electrical devices, such as motors or inverters.

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5.Measurement System
● Purpose: Filters signals in measurement
systems to enhance accuracy.
● Example: In digital weighing scales, analog
filters smooth out sensor outputs for stable
readings.
● Impact: Improves signal clarity and
measurement precision.
● Types of Filters Used:
1. Low-pass Filter
Example: Bessel Low-Pass Filter
It is particularly useful for measuring signals
without introducing distortion or phase shift, which
can be crucial in high-precision measurements.

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5.Measurement System
2.Band-pass Filter:
Example: Butterworth Band-Pass Filter
It can be used in instrumentation to focus on a
specific frequency range, such as analyzing the
fundamental frequency of an electrical signal while
rejecting harmonics and noise

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 CONCLUSION
Analog filters play a crucial role in signal processing, communication, medical
devices, and power systems, ensuring accurate frequency selection and noise
reduction. Different filter approximation techniques like Butterworth, Chebyshev,
Bessel, and Elliptic offer trade-offs in passband flatness, roll-off rate, and phase
response, making them suitable for various applications. Understanding filter
design, active and passive realizations, and practical implementations with op-
amps is essential for optimizing system performance across diverse engineering
fields.

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REFERENCES
BOOK

Design of Analog Filters" by Rolf Schaumann, Haiqiao Xiao, and Mac E. Van Valkenburg

WEBSITES

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/01/passive-low-pass-filter-types.
https://www.ni.com/docs/en-US/bundle/labwindows-cvi/page/advancedanalysisconce
pts.html
https://people.engr.tamu.edu/s-sanchez/622--Approximations%20%20enh%202013.p
df
https://technobyte.org/filter-approximation-methods

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