Chapter 18

sec 4: NEUTRALIZATION Reactions between acids and bases

Term2 -Grade 11Am.

Reactions between acids and bases

Vocabulary
Review New
•stoichiometry • neutralization reaction
• salt
• titration
• titrant
• equivalence point
• acid-base indicator
• end point
• salt hydrolysis
• buffer
• buffer capacity

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 OBJECTIVES:
• Define neutralization reaction ,
• Write net ionic equation of the neutralization reaction
of strong acid and strong base.
• Define titration , titrant ,equivalence point ,end point .
• Define acid base indicators .
• Explain how to carry out an acid-base titration.
• Calculate the molarity of a solution from titration data
• Calculate the molarity of a solution from titration data
 Neutralization Reactions

In a neutralization reaction,
• an acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water
• the acid HCl reacts with NaOH to produce salt and water
• the salt formed is the anion from the acid and cation of
the base

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid base salt water

4
 Neutralization Reactions

In neutralization reactions,
• if we write the strong acid and strong base as ions, we
see that H+ reacts with OH− to form water, leaving the ions
Na+ and Cl in solution:
H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) 
Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
• the overall reaction is H3O+ from the acid and OH from
the base form water:
H+(aq) + OH(aq)  H2O(l)

5
Acid-base reactions: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  H2O (aq) + NaCl (aq)

0.2 M
NaOH (aq)

0.2 M HCl (aq) H2O (l), NaCl (aq)

Reactions Between Acids and Bases

 Acid-base reactions: Neutralization reactions

• Acid and base essentially cancel each other out (neutralize

each other) to produce water and a salt:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

(acid) (base) (water) (salt)

NH4OH (aq) + HCl (aq)  H2O (l) + NH4Cl (aq)

(base) (acid) (water) (salt)
Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
H2 O

acid + base  salt + water

An ionic compound made up
of a cation other than H+ and
an anion other than OH- or
H+ donor O2-

H+ acceptor
 Acid-Base Reactions

 In an acid–base reaction, the acid (H2O above) donates

a proton (H+) to the base (NH3 above).
 Reactions between an acid and a base are called
neutralization reactions.
 When the base is a metal hydroxide, water and a salt
(an ionic compound) are produced.
 Neutralization Reactions
When a strong acid (like HCl) reacts with a strong
base (like NaOH), the net ionic equation is circled
below:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) 

Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l)

Guide for Balancing Neutralization Reactions

11
 Balancing Neutralization Reactions

Write the balanced equation for the neutralization of

magnesium hydroxide and nitric acid.
Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
Mg(OH)2 + HNO3
Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH in the
base.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3
Step 3 Balance the H2O with H+ and the OH.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3  salt + 2H2O
Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O

12
 Learning Check

Select the correct group of coefficients for each of the

following neutralization equations.
1. HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l)
A. 1, 3, 3, 1 B. 3, 1, 1, 1 C. 3, 1, 1, 3

2. Ba(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq)  Ba3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)

A. 3, 2, 2, 2 B. 3, 2, 1, 6 C. 2, 3, 1, 6

13
 Solution

1. HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l)

Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
HCl + Al(OH)3
Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH in the base.
3HCl + Al(OH)3
Step 3 Balance the H2O with H+ and the OH.
3HCl + Al(OH)3  salt + 3H2O
Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions.
3HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
The answer is C. 3, 1, 1, 3.
14
 Solution

2. Ba(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq)  Ba3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)

Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
Ba(OH)2 + H3PO4
Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH in the base.
3Ba(OH)2 + 2H3PO4
Step 3 Balance the H2O with H+ and the OH.
3Ba(OH)2 + 2H3PO4  salt + 6H2O
Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions.
3Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq)
 Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
The answer is B. 3, 2, 1, 6.
15
 Learning Check

Write the neutralization reactions for stomach acid, HCl,

and the ingredients in Mylanta.
Mylanta: Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2

16
 Solution

Write the neutralization reactions for stomach acid, HCl, and

the ingredients in Mylanta.
Mylanta: For Al(OH)3:
Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
Al(OH)3 + HCl
Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH in the base.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
Step 3 Balance the H2O with H+ and the OH.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  salt + 3H2O
Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions.
Al(OH)3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
17
 Solution

Write the neutralization reactions for stomach acid, HCl, and

the ingredients in Mylanta.
Mylanta: For Mg(OH)2:
Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
Mg(OH)2 + HCl
Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH in the base.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl
Step 3 Balance the H2O with H+ and the OH.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  salt + 2H2O
Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions.
2HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
18
 Sample Problem 8.8 Balancing Equations of Acids
n for the neutralization of HCl(aq) and Ba(OH)2(s).

Solution
Step 1 Write the reactants and products.
HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(s) → salt + H2O(l)

Step 2 Balance the H+ in the acid with the OH– in the base. Placing a coefficient of 2 in front of HCl
provides 2H+ for the 2OH– in Ba(OH)2.
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(s) → salt + H2O(l)

Step 3 Balance the H2O with the H+ and the OH–. Use a coefficient of 2 in front of H 2O to balance 2H+
and 2OH–.
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(s) → salt + 2H2O(l)

Step 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions. Use the ions Ba2+ and 2Cl– to write the formula of the
salt, BaCl2.
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(s) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Study Check 8.8
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between H 2SO4(aq) and NaHCO3(aq).
 Neutralization Reaction
1) Strong Acid – Strong Base Reaction

acid + base salt + water

All salts are strong electrolytes.

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H2O
2) Weak Acid – Strong Base
Two Step Reaction
(1) HB(aq) ↔ H+ (aq) + B- (aq)

(2) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → HOH

(3) Net Ionic: HB(aq) + OH- (aq) → B- (aq) + HOH

ex) HF(aq) + OH- (aq) → HOH + F- (aq)

3) Strong Acid – Weak Base
Two Step Reaction
(1) B + HOH → BH+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

(2) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → HOH

(3) Net Ionic: H+ (aq) + B(aq) → BH + (aq)

ex) H+ (aq) + NH3(aq) → NH4 + (aq)

 Titration
A titration is an analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration
of a solute in a solution.
Titrations
• Determining the concentration of an unknown
solution.
• Use a 2nd solution of known concentration
(standard solution) that undergoes a reaction with
the unknown solution.
• Use the ratios in the balanced equation along with
the M = mol/L equation to determine molarity of
unknown.
 Titration

• A solution of known concentration, called a

standard solution, is used to determine the
unknown concentration of another solution.
• The reaction is complete at the equivalence point.
• The point at which the two
solutions are stoichiometrically
equal is known as the equivalence
point.
– The reaction is complete and no
excess reactant is present.
– How do we know when this occurs
during the reaction?
 Chemical dyes whose color are affected by acidic and basic solutions are
called acid-base indicators.

• In acid base reactions dyes known as indicators are used.

– Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid solution, and pink in basic
solution.
– End point is reached when a drop of the base remains pink.
There is no acid for this drop to react with and the solution is
now basic.
 Titration of
0.200 M NaOH
with 0.200 M HCL

Start: 5.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH

diluted to 50.0 mL with distilled
H2 O

Indicator: Bromothymol blue

Y G B

pH 6.0 pH 7.6

pH 7.0
pH 12.30 pH 7.00 pH 3.14
0.0 mL HCl 5.0 mL HCl 5.2 mL HCl
added added added
In a titration procedure, a measured volume of an acid or base of
unknown concentration is placed in a beaker, and initial pH recorded.
A burette is filled with the titrating solution of known concentration,
called a titrant.
equivalence point, which is the point at which moles of H+ ion from the
acid equals moles of OH– ion from the base.
AnAn
abrupt
end change
point isinthe
pHpoint
occurs
at at the equivalence
which point.in a titration
an indicator used
changes color.
An indicator will change color at the equivalence point.
grams of solute = M . V . (molar mass)
 Molarity
• The quantity of solute in a solution can matter to a chemist.
• We call the amount dissolved its concentration.
• Molarity is one way to measure the concentration of a solution:

moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters
Use with Example Problem 6.
Problem
A volume of 18.28 mL of a standard solution of 0.1000M NaOH was required to
neutralize 25.00 mL of a solution of methanoic acid (HCOOH). What is the molarity
of the methanoicKNOWN
acid solution? UNKNOWN
VA = 25.00 mL MA = ?
HCOOH mol/L
VB = 18.28 mL NaOH
MB = 0.1000M
SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Write the balanced formula equation for the neutralization reaction.
HCOOH(aq)+NaOH(aq)→HCOONa(aq)+H2O(l)
• Write the acid to base mole relationship.
1 mol NaOH neutralizes 1 mol HCOOH.
• Convert volume of base from mL to L.
VB = 18.28 mL × = 0.01828 L

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MOLARITY FROM TITRATION DATA
Calculate the molarity of HCOOH.
• Apply the relationship between moles of
SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN acids, molarity of acid, and volume of acid.
(continued) 1.828 × 10–3 mol HCOOH = (MA)(VA)
Calculate moles of NaOH. • Solve for MA.
• Apply the relationship between moles, MA =
molarity, and volume of base.
• Convert volume of acid from mL to L.
Mol NaOH = (MB)(VB)
VA = 25.00 mL × = 0.02500 L HCOOH
• Substitute MB = 0.1000M & VB = 0.01828
• Substitute VA = 0.02500 L.
L.
MA = = 7.312 × 10–2 mol/L
Mol NaOH = (0.1000 mol/L)(0.01828 L)
= 1.828 × 10–3 mol NaOH
Calculate moles of HCOOH.
• Apply the stoichiometric relationship EVALUATE THE ANSWER
The answer agrees with the prediction
1.828 × 10–3 mol NaOH × that the molarity of HCOOH is less than
= 1.828 × 10–3 mol HCOOH 0.1M, and is correctly recorded with
four significant figures and the
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education appropriate unit. Neutralization
 Part 2
SALT HYDROLYSIS
• Identify weak and strong bases and acids
• define salt Hydrolysis.
• Compare cation and anion hydrolysis.
• State whether the salt is acidic, basic or neutral
• A reaction between water molecules and ions of a dissolved salt is hydrolysis.
• If the anions react with water, the process is anion hydrolysis and results in a more
basic solution.
• If the cations react with water molecules, the process is cation hydrolysis and results
in a more acidic solution.
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
Buffered Solutions
• The pH of blood must be kept in within a narrow range.
• Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when limited
amounts of acid or base are added.
• A buffer is a solution made up of a weak species and its
conjugate.
• Ions and molecules in a buffer solution resist changes in pH by
reacting with any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions added to
the buffered solution.
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F–(aq)
• When acid is added, the equilibrium shifts to the left.

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Buffered Solutions
• Additional H+ ions react with F– ions to form undissociated HF
molecules but the pH changes little.
• The amount of acid or base that a buffer solution can absorb
without a significant change in pH is called the buffer capacity.
• A buffer is most effective when the concentrations of the
conjugate acid-base pair are equal or nearly equal.

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Review
Essential Questions
• What do chemical equations of neutralization reactions look
like?
• How are neutralization reactions used in acid-base titrations?
• How do the properties of buffered and unbuffered solutions
compare?
• neutralization • titrant • salt hydrolysis
Vocabulary
reaction • equivalence point • buffer
• salt • acid-base • buffer capacity
• titration indicator
• end point

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