Chapter 13:

Water
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Members - Tasks

• RAKIIN, Riesha R.S. – conclusion, key terms, and compilation of PowerPoints.

• ALI, Hanna R. and IBRAHIM, Sittie Fatmah B. - P.316-321 (Water cycle, water
and life, water as habitat)
• DITANONGUN, Halida Zamia R. and DIDA-AGUN, Sitty Naileah K. – P.321-324
(water and the geosphere)
• MACASUNDIG, Anna Fatimah G. and ALONTO, Alina Fatmah U. – P.325-332
(water resources, replenishing water resources, managing surface water)
• SUMANDAR, Amir A.M. and BAZAR, Amilbahar A. – P. 332-336 (managing
ground water – protecting water resources)
The Water Cycle
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THE WATER CYCLE

 also called the hydrologic cycle; it is the movement of water around Earth’s surface and
its subsystems
 This occurs in the Hydrosphere; where there are oceans, lakes,
streams, underground water, snow, and ice
 Water, makes up 71% of the Earth’s surface. It can occur in the
form of ice or vapor.
 The existence of water in the different subsystems is part of the water cycle.
 It consists of interconnected pathways and reservoirs
 Reservoirs are places where water resides for an amount of time.
 Pathways, are the processes that allow this hydrologic cycle to happen
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The Process of The Water Cycle

Evaporation Transpiration
Heat coming from the sun provides energy for The evaporation of water from leaves and
the movement of water. This causes stems of plants
evaporation. Contributes about 10% of the water vapor in
This is the process where water turns to vapor the atmosphere
It occurs in oceans, srface water bodies, etc. In high altitudes, ice can directly transform
About 80% of water vapor in the atmosphere
into water vapor in the process called
evaporates from the ocean sublimation
Sublimation
 in physics, conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its
becoming liquid.
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The Process of The Water Cycle

Condensation Precipitation

 The water vapor enters the atmosphere  Clouds, form when water droplets group
and moves with flowing air. As the air cools together. When water droplets or ice crystals
and slows down the movement of water in the clouds become heavy and large,
molecules. This allows condensation. precipitation will result.

  This transfers water from the atmosphere to

It is the change from vapor into liquid or
Earth’s surface in liquid or solid form as rain,
solid
snow, or hail
Infiltration
 As rain falls, water that falls to the land surface penetrates the soil in the
process. This is called Infiltration
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Water and Life

 Water is the most abundant component of living matter.
 It makes up about 60 percent by weight of mammals’ bodies,
including people.
 Of this water, about two-thirds is within cells and one-third is in
body fluids such as blood.
 Water is essential to every function in our body, including:
Transport of nutrients in and waste products out
Digestion and adsorption of nutrient
Maintenance of body temperature
Water keeps you alive and 8

healthy!
 The amount of water your body needs depends on many factors, such as
your weight and the physical activity you experience each day.
 Water is vital to our health. It plays a key role in many of our body’s
functions, including bringing nutrients to cells, getting rid of wastes,
protecting joints and organs, and maintaining body temperature
 Your body is constantly losing water through external respiration
(breathing), perspiration (sweating), and excretion of wastes.
 Headaches, poor concentration, and tiredness are some symptoms of low
water levels in your body.
 Overhydrating happens when someone drinks large amounts of water
which can alter the levels of electrolytes in the body like chloride, sodium,
and potassium.
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Factors that threaten water

avaliability and quality
FACTORS HOW TO HELP?
- CLIMATE CHANGE SUPPORT MOVEMENTS THAT FIGHT FOR A
CLEANER ENVIRONMENT AND WAYS FOR
POLLUTION TO BE REDUCED. TAKE ACTION
AND DON’T THROW TRASH EVERYWHERE
- POPULATION GROWTH DON’T USE TOO MUCH WATER FOR
UNNECESARY USE.
- POLLUTION USE THE 5R’S: REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE,
REPURPOSE, AND RECYCLE.
- UNSUSTAINABLE PRACTICES LEARN HOW TO MANAGE YOUR WATER.
 Examples of Water bodies
Water as Habitat

• Water's essential role in supporting life

and its abundance make it
unsurprising that organisms have
evolved to live in, on, and around
water wherever it is found.
• Over 75% of the Earth’s surface is
covered by water.
• There are many aquatic habitats in
standing water bodies such as ponds,
lakes, and oceans.
• Wetlands are an especially important
habitat that is transitional between
terrestrial and other aquatic habitats.
• Ponds and lakes are enclosed bodies of
freshwater, if streams enter or leave
ponds and lakes, they can be
connected to large surface water
systems.
Water and Life
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Three Zones of the Habitat

Habitats in ponds or lakes is divided into 3 zones:
- The littoral zone is the shallow water along the shore. Here, the sun’s
heat warms the water and lots of organisms like algae, aquatic plants,
snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fish, and amphibians find homes.
- The shallow water in ponds and lakes away from the shorelines is the
limnetic zone. Here, the sun’s heat also warms the water, at least down
to certain depths. Floating organisms such as plankton are commonly
found here.
- The deeper part, the profundal zone, is darker and colder. When
organisms that live near the surface die, they sink on the bottom and
become food for bottom-dwelling organisms.
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Zones of the
ocean
There are 4 basic ecological zones in the oceans:
intertidal, pelagic, benthic, and abyssal.
The intertidal zone is along the shoreline where
waves and tides cover the adjacent land.
The pelagic zone is an open, shallower part of
the ocean offshore from the intertidal zone.
A special habitat in the pelagic zone is coral
reefs.
In the benthic zone, light does not penetrate
here, and the seafloor collects fine sediment and
organic debris.
The abyssal zone is the deepest, darkest, and
coldest zone in the ocean
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Wetlands
 Wetlands are special aquatic
habitats because they help
improve water quality and
because they support very
diverse populations of
organisms.
 Water quality is improved as it
passes through wetlands by
vegetation that settles and
filters impurities.
 Different types of wetlands
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Underground habitats
 Aquatic habitats also include places undergrounds, especially
in caves.
 Caves are simple, but unique freshwater ecosystems. Water
easily passes from the surface into underground systems
where conditions have formed many caves. These areas are
called karst terrain.
 Although it is always dark underground, many organisms have
adapted to living in aquatic habitats in caves. These organisms
have developed special ways to live in the absence of light.
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Ocean water
 Circulation of ocean waters is very important to the biosphere.
 Currents in the oceans are caused by wind and density differences.
Density differences result from variation in both temperature and
salinity. Global wind patterns mostly cause the easternly and westerly
movements of shallow ocean water (down to 100 meters or 328.1
feet in depth).
 Upwelling ocean water is rich in nutrients. The upwelling zones are
incredibely productive regions where fish and birds flourish.
 The physical pathways provided by the hydrosphere are essential to
the survival and reproduction of many species in the biosphere.
 Water & The
Geosphere,
Atmosphere, and
Water Use
 18

Precipitation percolating through soil can dissolve minerals, interact

with them to form new minerals such as clays, and carry mineral
grains downward through the soil. Because water expands when it
freezes—the property that makes ice less dense than water—
fractures filled with freezing water expand and break apart rocks
and mineral grains.
 Water-bearing minerals are called “hydrated” and include many general mineral families, namely:

Amphiboles Micas Clays

Dark-colored minerals Vary from colorless to Very small in size and

containing iron, magnesium, black and contain contains sodium,
sodium, silicon, aluminum, sodium, potassium, potassium, silicon,
and oxygen calcium, iron, etc. aluminum, oxygen.
Processes Included

Transport of Rock: Delivers sediment to low areas on Earth’s surface called basins.

Metamorphism: Causes minerals to recrystallize into new minerals.

Dehydration: Cause water included in mineral structure to separate into a

coexisting field
 Water also plays a crucial role in shaping the Earth's geosphere,
influencing geological processes and sustaining life such as:

1.Erosion and Shapes landscapes through rivers, oceans and glaciers.

sedimentation:

Breaks down rocks into minerals.

2.Weathering:

3.Groundwater: Supports ecosystems and geothermal activity.

 Water & The Atmosphere
Water, particularly in the
Water is a oceans, is a tremendous
component of the storage place for energy
from the sun. It becomes
atmosphere both as
warm and stays warm
a gas and as tiny for long times. This
droplets in the warm water, in turn, can
clouds. This water heat large air masses
and cause them to move,
enters the
even become violent
atmosphere weather such as
primarily by hurricanes. This is a
evaporation from major impact of the
the surface to the hydrosphere on the
atmosphere.
oceans
Earth’s Water Resources are
Connected through the Global
Water Cycle
The global water cycle is powered by the sun; solar energy (heating) drives the processes
described above. The global water cycle is an important driver of climate too. Human activity
such as deforestation, water consumption, the channeling and diverting of waterways, and
climate change influence the global water cycle.

Warm air temperatures cause evaporation, the loss of water from the oceans, lakes, rivers,
soil, and even plants into the atmosphere. Water in the atmosphere exists as vapor and as it
rises and is pushed around by wind it encounters cooler temperatures. The cooler
temperatures cause condensation, the transformation of water vapor into larger droplets –
you see large accumulations of droplets as clouds and fog. Eventually water accumulations
grow and collide forcing droplets to fall as precipitation; rain, ice, and snow. This
precipitation is crucial to adding water back into the oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater
reserves.
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Water sources

• can be surface water or ground water

• recharge areas are commonly in the higher elevations or
headwaters of a watershed but ground water recharge can also
take place at the bottom of lakes and streams.
• the small voids that make up a material's porosity are connected
by very small channels and fractures, most of which can only be
seen with microscope.
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The Unsaturated
Zone
water flow rate:
- the greater the permeability of material the easier it is
for water to flow through it.

ways of harnessing ground water:

- not only wells are the only way to get water from
underground but also through naturally discharged
ground water to surface springs and rivers and some
slowly migrates underground and discharges to the
oceans along coastlines.
 Click icon to add picture

Precipitation
replenishes our
surface and ground
water resources.
However, it is not
evenly distributed
on Earth.
 Click icon to add picture

Gaining stream
Managing surface
water
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Managing surface water

Managing surface water involves a multi-step process to control
and mitigate the impact of stormwater runoff. Here's a detailed
overview:
1. Watershed analysis: Identify flood-prone areas, water flow
patterns and environmental sensitivities.
2. Land-use planning: Designate areas for development,
conservation and flood mitigation.
3. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling: Simulate stormwater runoff
scenarios.
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MANAGING SURFACE WATER

STRUCTURAL CONTROLS NON-STRUCTURAL CONTROLS
 1. Stormwater ponds: Capture and  1. Rainwater harvesting: Collect and
slow down runoff, reducing peak flows. store rainwater for non-potable uses.
 2. Retention basins: Store excess  2. Permeable pavements: Allow
water, releasing it slowly. water to infiltrate, reducing runoff.
 3.Detention basins: Temporarily hold  3. Green roofs: Vegetated roofs absorb
water, reducing flood peaks. rainfall.
 4. Culverts and bridges: Allow water to  4. Rain gardens: Shallow depressions
flow under roads, minimizing obstruction. capture and filter runoff.
 5. Levees and floodwalls: Protect  5.Swales: Vegetated channels slow
communities from flooding. down runoff.
Managing ground
water
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Introduction to groundwater
• Groundwater is obtained from wells and stored in
underground aquifers.
• Aquifers: Porous underground zones that store water.
Different types of aquifers:
1. Unconfined Aquifers: Water percolates from the surface.
2. Confined Aquifers: Water is isolated by impermeable layers.
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Importance of groundwater
• Clean and reliable: Groundwater is generally
clean and dependable.
• Usage:
40% of municipal water supply.
Over 40 million people use domestic wells.
Increasing use in irrigation and industry.
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Challenges in groundwater
management
• Depletion: Excessive withdrawal can deplete aquifers.
• Sustainability Issues:
• High Plains Aquifer: Major source of irrigation since the 1940s, showing
severe depletion.
Example: By 1997, water levels dropped by over 45.7 meters in some areas.
 Land Subsidence:

• Withdrawals cause compression of underlying material, reducing water storage

capacity.
• Occurs in California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas.
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Common parameters for evaluating

water quality
• Acidity (pH), turbidity, dissolved oxygen, fecal
coliform, phosphates, nitrates, total solids
• Students at Strongsville High School used these
parameters to evaluate water quality on the Cuyahoga
River
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Sources of contaminants in water

• Point sources: industrial plants,
wastewater discharge pipes, septic
systems.
• Nonpoint sources: agricultural fields,
urban developments, golf courses.
• Nutrients, bacteria, toxic substances
can come from both point and
nonpoint sources
PROTECTING
WATER
RESOURCES
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Wastewater treatment process

• Explanation of processes used
in wastewater treatment plants
• Accumulation of solids,
filtration, and disinfection
• Reuse of treated wastewater for
irrigation and potential for
drinking water reuse
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Conclusion

Earth is a unique and wonderful place for life. The chemical nature of
water and earth’s place in the solar system combine to create
conditions where life can thrive. Water is a resource that people
depend on for many purposes. It is a sustainable resource if people
carefully manage their use and impacts on water.
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Key terms

1. Adhesion – The tendency of water 1. Polar – A molecule with an uneven distribution

molecules to stick to other surfaces. of charge, creating positive and negative
poles.
2. Aquifer – An underground layer of rock
2. Porosity – The measure of empty spaces
that holds and transmits groundwater.
within a material, determining its ability to
3. Cohesion – The attraction between water hold water.
molecules, allowing them to stick 3. Recharge areas – Regions where water
together. infiltrates the ground to replenish an aquifer.
4. Ground Water – Water stored beneath 4. Triple point of water – The temperature and
the Earth’s surface in soil and rock pressure at which water exists in matter
phases simultaneously.
formations.
5. Water table – the upper level of groundwater
5. Permeability – The ability of a material where the soil or rock is fully saturated with
to allow fluids to pass through it. water.
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Sources

https://www.also.org/what-is-aquatic-science/earths-water-resources/
UNESCO(2012). Managing water under uncertainty and risk
Environmental science: Understanding our changing earth