Otto Cycle - Problem 1

• An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 9.

The air enters the cycle at 1 bar and 25°C. The
maximum temperature during the cycle is
2000 K. Calculate the thermal efficiency and
mean effective pressure, assuming γ = 1.4.
Given: r = 9, P1 = 1 bar, T1 = 298K, T3 = 2000K, γ = 1.4
T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1) = 298 * 9^(0.4) ≈ 751.7 K
T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1) ≈ 792.5 K
η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1) = 1 - 1 / 9^0.4 ≈ 0.569 = 56.9%
Mean Effective Pressure = (W_net / V_swept) calculated based on process areas.

Given: r = 9, P1 = 1 bar, T1 = 298K, T3 = 2000K, γ = 1.4

T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1) = 298 * 9^(0.4) ≈ 751.7 K

T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1) ≈ 792.5 K

η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1) = 1 - 1 / 9^0.4 ≈ 0.569 = 56.9%

• Mean Effective Pressure = (W_net / V_swept) calculated based on process areas.
 Otto Cycle - Problem 2
• In an Otto cycle, air enters at 100 kPa and 300
K. The compression ratio is 8, and the heat
added per kg of air is 1800 kJ. Calculate the
temperature and pressure at all four state
points and the thermal efficiency.
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300K, r = 8, Q_in = 1800 kJ/kg
T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 = from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2), T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1)
Find P2, P3, P4 using isentropic and constant-volume/pressure relations
η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1)

P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300K, r = 8, Q_in = 1800 kJ/kg

T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 = from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2), T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1)

Find P2, P3, P4 using isentropic and constant-volume/pressure relations

• η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1)
 Otto Cycle - Problem 3
• An engine operating on the Otto cycle has a
swept volume of 600 cm³ and clearance
volume of 75 cm³. The air at the start of
compression is at 100 kPa and 300 K.
Determine the pressure and temperature after
compression, assuming isentropic
compression.
V1/V2 = r = 600/75 = 8, P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300K
T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1) = 300 * 8^0.4 ≈ 708.6K
P2 = P1 * r^γ = 100 * 8^1.4 ≈ 1800 kPa

V1/V2 = r = 600/75 = 8, P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300K

T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1) = 300 * 8^0.4 ≈ 708.6K

• P2 = P1 * r^γ = 100 * 8^1.4 ≈ 1800 kPa
 Otto Cycle - Problem 4
• The minimum pressure and temperature in an
Otto cycle are 0.1 MPa and 300 K. The
compression ratio is 10, and heat added per
cycle is 1000 kJ/kg. Calculate the thermal
efficiency and work output.
P1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300K, r = 10, Q_in = 1000 kJ/kg
T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2)
T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1), η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1)
W_net = Q_in - Q_out = Cv*(T3 - T2 - (T4 - T1))

P1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300K, r = 10, Q_in = 1000 kJ/kg

T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2)

T4 = T3 / r^(γ-1), η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1)
• W_net = Q_in - Q_out = Cv*(T3 - T2 - (T4 - T1))
 Otto Cycle - Problem 5
• A petrol engine working on the Otto cycle
consumes 0.02 kg of air per cycle. The
compression ratio is 7, and heat added is 2000
kJ/kg. Find the thermal efficiency, work done,
and power developed if the engine runs at
3000 rpm (4-stroke, single cylinder).
m = 0.02 kg, r = 7, Q_in = 2000 kJ/kg, N = 3000 rpm
T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2)
η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1), W = η * Q_in
Power = W * m * N/2

m = 0.02 kg, r = 7, Q_in = 2000 kJ/kg, N = 3000 rpm

T2 = T1 * r^(γ-1), T3 from Q_in = Cv*(T3 - T2)

η = 1 - 1 / r^(γ-1), W = η * Q_in
• Power = W * m * N/2
 Diesel Cycle - Problem 6
• In a Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16
and cut-off ratio is 2.2. The air at the start of
compression is at 1 bar and 30°C. Calculate
the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
r = 16, rc = 2.2, P1 = 1 bar, T1 = 303K, γ = 1.4
η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]

r = 16, rc = 2.2, P1 = 1 bar, T1 = 303K, γ = 1.4

• η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]
 Diesel Cycle - Problem 7
• A Diesel engine has a compression ratio of 18
and cutoff occurs at 6% of the stroke volume.
The intake conditions are 1 bar and 300 K.
Calculate the efficiency and mean effective
pressure.
r = 18, rc = 1.06, T1 = 300K
Use standard diesel efficiency formula:
η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]

r = 18, rc = 1.06, T1 = 300K

Use standard diesel efficiency formula:

• η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]
 Diesel Cycle - Problem 8
• For a Diesel cycle with r = 15 and cut-off ratio
rc = 1.6, heat added is 1800 kJ/kg. Determine
the efficiency and network output per kg of
air.
r = 15, rc = 1.6, Q_in = 1800 kJ/kg
T2 from isentropic compression, T3 = T2 * rc
η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]
W = η * Q_in

r = 15, rc = 1.6, Q_in = 1800 kJ/kg

T2 from isentropic compression, T3 = T2 * rc

η = 1 - (1/r^(γ-1)) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]

• W = η * Q_in
 Diesel Cycle - Problem 9
• The clearance volume of a Diesel engine is 80
cm³ and the swept volume is 920 cm³. The
cut-off occurs at 10% of the stroke. Find the
cut-off ratio, thermal efficiency, and
temperature at the end of combustion.
V_s = 920 cm³, V_c = 80 cm³ → r = 12.5
rc = V3/V2 = V_c + cutoff / V_c = 1.1
η = diesel efficiency equation

V_s = 920 cm³, V_c = 80 cm³ → r = 12.5

rc = V3/V2 = V_c + cutoff / V_c = 1.1

• η = diesel efficiency equation
 Diesel Cycle - Problem 10
• A Diesel engine runs at 1500 rpm and
consumes 0.03 kg of air per cycle.
Compression ratio is 17, cut-off ratio is 1.9,
and heat input is 2200 kJ/kg. Calculate
thermal efficiency, work done per cycle, and
indicated power.
r = 17, rc = 1.9, m = 0.03 kg, N = 1500 rpm, Q_in = 2200 kJ/kg
η = diesel efficiency
W = η * Q_in, Power = W * m * N/2

r = 17, rc = 1.9, m = 0.03 kg, N = 1500 rpm, Q_in = 2200 kJ/kg

η = diesel efficiency
• W = η * Q_in, Power = W * m * N/2
 Brayton Cycle - Problem 11
• In an ideal Brayton cycle, air enters the
compressor at 100 kPa and 300 K, and leaves
at 1 MPa. The maximum temperature in the
cycle is 1500 K. Calculate thermal efficiency
and back work ratio.
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K, P2 = 1 MPa, T3 = 1500 K
T2 = T1 * (P2/P1)^((γ-1)/γ)
T4 = T3 * (P1/P2)^((γ-1)/γ)
η = 1 - (T1/T2) * (T4/T3)

P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K, P2 = 1 MPa, T3 = 1500 K

T2 = T1 * (P2/P1)^((γ-1)/γ)

T4 = T3 * (P1/P2)^((γ-1)/γ)
• η = 1 - (T1/T2) * (T4/T3)
 Brayton Cycle - Problem 12
• A gas turbine operates between 1 bar and 10
bar with maximum temperature of 1200 K.
Assume isentropic efficiencies of 85% for both
compressor and turbine. Calculate the net
work output and thermal efficiency.
η_c = 0.85, η_t = 0.85, T1 = 300K, T3 = 1200K
Use actual compression and expansion relations considering isentropic efficiency.
Then find W_net and η.

η_c = 0.85, η_t = 0.85, T1 = 300K, T3 = 1200K

Use actual compression and expansion relations considering isentropic efficiency.

• Then find W_net and η.
 Brayton Cycle - Problem 13
• An ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of
6. The air enters the compressor at 25°C and
maximum cycle temperature is 1100°C. Find
the efficiency, work output per kg, and specific
fuel consumption if CV = 1000 kJ/kg·K.
P_r = 6, T1 = 298K, T3 = 1373K
T2 = T1 * P_r^((γ-1)/γ)
T4 = T3 / P_r^((γ-1)/γ)
η = 1 - T1/T2 * T4/T3

P_r = 6, T1 = 298K, T3 = 1373K

T2 = T1 * P_r^((γ-1)/γ)

T4 = T3 / P_r^((γ-1)/γ)
• η = 1 - T1/T2 * T4/T3
 Brayton Cycle - Problem 14
• In a Brayton cycle, the turbine and compressor
have efficiencies of 90% and 80% respectively.
Inlet temperature is 300 K and turbine inlet
temperature is 1400 K. Pressure ratio is 8.
Calculate the thermal efficiency and net work.
Efficiencies: η_c = 0.8, η_t = 0.9, P_r = 8, T1 = 300K, T3 = 1400K
Compute actual T2, T4 with efficiencies
Then use Brayton net work and efficiency formulas.

Efficiencies: η_c = 0.8, η_t = 0.9, P_r = 8, T1 = 300K, T3 = 1400K

Compute actual T2, T4 with efficiencies

• Then use Brayton net work and efficiency formulas.
 Brayton Cycle - Problem 15
• A closed Brayton cycle using air operates with
pressure ratio of 7 and mass flow rate of 1.5
kg/s. Inlet temperature is 290 K, max
temperature 1300 K. Calculate power output
and efficiency of the cycle.
P_r = 7, m_dot = 1.5 kg/s, T1 = 290K, T3 = 1300K
Find T2, T4 using ideal Brayton cycle relations
W_net = m_dot * (W_turbine - W_compressor)
Power = W_net, η = 1 - T1/T2 * T4/T3

P_r = 7, m_dot = 1.5 kg/s, T1 = 290K, T3 = 1300K

Find T2, T4 using ideal Brayton cycle relations

W_net = m_dot * (W_turbine - W_compressor)

• Power = W_net, η = 1 - T1/T2 * T4/T3
 Dual Cycle - Problem 16
• A dual cycle has compression ratio 15 and cut-
off ratio 1.5. Heat is added partly at constant
volume and partly at constant pressure.
Calculate thermal efficiency assuming γ = 1.4.
r = 15, rc = 1.5, γ = 1.4
η = 1 - 1/r^(γ-1) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]

r = 15, rc = 1.5, γ = 1.4

• η = 1 - 1/r^(γ-1) * [(rc^γ - 1)/(γ*(rc - 1))]
 Dual Cycle - Problem 17
• In a dual cycle, the compression ratio is 18,
the pressure increases by a factor of 2 during
constant volume heating, and the cut-off ratio
is 1.3. Calculate the thermal efficiency.
r = 18, P3/P2 = 2, rc = 1.3
Calculate T2, T3, T4 using pressure and volume relations.
Use dual cycle efficiency formula.

r = 18, P3/P2 = 2, rc = 1.3

Calculate T2, T3, T4 using pressure and volume relations.

• Use dual cycle efficiency formula.
 Dual Cycle - Problem 18
• An engine works on the dual cycle with
compression ratio 16. The constant volume
heat addition raises pressure from 1 MPa to
2.5 MPa, and cut-off ratio is 1.4. Calculate the
work output and efficiency.
r = 16, P2 = 1 MPa → P3 = 2.5 MPa, rc = 1.4
Use dual cycle process relations to find T3, T4, then find η and W.

r = 16, P2 = 1 MPa → P3 = 2.5 MPa, rc = 1.4

• Use dual cycle process relations to find T3, T4, then find η and W.
 Dual Cycle - Problem 19
• A dual cycle receives 1500 kJ/kg of heat. 40%
is added at constant volume, and 60% at
constant pressure. Compression ratio is 14,
cut-off ratio is 1.6. Find the net work done per
kg and efficiency.
Q_total = 1500, Q_cv = 600, Q_cp = 900
Use sequential heating:
Find T2, T3 (from Q_cv), T4 (from Q_cp)
Then compute W = Cv*(T3 - T2) + Cp*(T4 - T3) - Cp*(T2 - T1)

Q_total = 1500, Q_cv = 600, Q_cp = 900

Use sequential heating:

Find T2, T3 (from Q_cv), T4 (from Q_cp)

• Then compute W = Cv*(T3 - T2) + Cp*(T4 - T3) - Cp*(T2 - T1)
 Dual Cycle - Problem 20
• A dual cycle engine has r = 12 and cut-off ratio
= 1.5. If heat supplied = 1800 kJ/kg and initial
pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and
300 K, calculate P-T values at all points and
thermal efficiency.
r = 12, rc = 1.5, Q = 1800 kJ/kg, P1 = 100kPa, T1 = 300K
Find all T, P values through the dual cycle steps and efficiency using energy balance.

r = 12, rc = 1.5, Q = 1800 kJ/kg, P1 = 100kPa, T1 = 300K

• Find all T, P values through the dual cycle steps and efficiency using energy balance.