Unit- IV

Segments, Illumination models, colour models and shading

Segment
 Introduction
• To view an entire image or a part of image with various attributes, we need
to organize image information in a particular manner since existing
structure of display file does not satisfy our requirements of viewing an
image.
• To achieve this display, file is divided into Segments.
• Each segment corresponds to a component and is associated with a set of
attributes and image transformation parameters like scaling, rotation.
• Presence of Segment allows :
• Subdivision of picture.
• Visualization of particular part of picture.
• Scaling, rotation and translation of picture.
Introduction
 Introduction
• Types of Segments :
• Posted Segment :
• When visible attribute of segment is set to 1, it is called Posted segment.
• This is included in active segment list.
• Unposted Segment :
• When visible attribute of segment is set to 0, it is called Unposted segment.
• This is not included in active segment list.
Segment Table
 Segment Table
• The segment table is formed by using arrays. An
alternative approach is linked list
• In case of arrays, maximum no. of segments that
can be included in the segment table are equal to
the length of the arrays. But with linked list there is
no such limit on the maximum no. of segments; as
list is dynamic
• In linked List ordering is achieved by simply
adjusting the links. In case of arrays we have to
move actual segment information in the process of
sorting the segments.
• The Disadvantage of linked list is that it requires
more storage to hold the links and that it is costly
to locate arbitrary cells.
• In the linked list deleting the cell means changing
two links.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Functions for Segmenting the display :
• Segment Creation :
• Segment must be created or opened when no other segment is open, since two
segments can’t be opened at the same time because it’s difficult to assign drawing
instruction to particular segment.
• The segment created must be given a name to identify it which must be a valid one and
there should be no segment with the same name.
• After this, we initialize items in segment table under our segment name and the first
instruction of this segment is allocated at next free storage in display file and attributes
of segments are initialized to default.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Algorithm for creating segment:
1) If any segment is open, give error message : “Segment is still open” and go
to step 8.
2) Read the name of the new segment.
3) If the segment name is not valid, give error message : “Segment name not
a valid name” and go to step 8.
4) If given segment name already exists, give error message : “Segment name
already exists in name list” and go to step 8.
5) Make next free storage area in display file as start of new segment.
6) Initialize size of new segment to 0 and all its attributes to their default
values.
7) Inform that the new segment is now open.
8) Stop.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Closing a Segment :
• After completing entry of all display file instructions, the segment needs to be
closed which is done by changing the name of currently open segment as 0.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
Deleting a Segment :
1.To delete a particular segment from display file, we must just delete
that one segment without destroying or reforming the entire display
and recover space occupied by this segment.
2.Use this space for some other segment.
3.The method to achieve this depends upon the data structure used to
represent display file.
4.In case of arrays, the gap left by deleted segment is filled by shifting
up all the segments following it.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Algorithm :
1. Read the name of the segment to be deleted.
2. If segment name is not valid, give error message : “Segment name is not a
valid name” and go to step 8.
3. If the segment is open, give error message : “Can’t delete an open
segment” and go to step 8.
4. If size of segment is less than 0, no processing is required and go to step 8.
5. The segments which follow the deleted segment are shifted by its size.
6. Recover deleted space by resetting index of next free instruction.
7. The starting position of shifted segments is adjusted by subtracting the size
of deleted segment from it.
8. Stop.
Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Renaming a Segment :
• Algorithm :
1. If both old and new segment names are not valid, give error
message : “Segment names are not valid names” and go to step 6.
2. If any of two segments is open, give error message : “Segments
are still open” and go to step 6.
3. If new segment name given already exists in the display list,
give error message : “Segment name already exists” and go to
step 6.
4. The old segment table entry are copied into new position.
5. Delete the old segment.
6. Stop.
 Segment creation, closing, deleting and
renaming,
• Advantages of using segmented display :
• Segmentation allows to organize display files in sub-picture structure.
• It allows to apply different set of attributes to different portions of image.
• It makes it easier to the picture by changing/replacing segments.
• It allows application of transformation on selective portions of image.
 Visibility
• Each Segment is given a visibility attribute.
• The segment’s visibility is stored in an array as part of the segment
table.
• By checking this array we can determine whether or not the segment
should be displayed.
Colouring Models
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b2pAEHEQZc
Illumination Models
-/