Chapter 9 : FINISHING WORK

• Cladding
• Partitions and suspended ceilings
• Plastering and pointing ,
• Painting works 1
 CLADDING
• The material applied on the surface of the wall is cladding.
• This may be plaster, wooden members, tiles, stones, bricks, concrete panels,
PVC sheets, CGI sheets etc.
• Fundamentally, cladding is used as a means for external finishing.
• In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation
and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings.

Timber cladding 2
 CLADDING
• Load Bearing Cladding
• Non-Load Bearing Claddings
• Generally cladding is non-load bearing; it does not take up or transfer load
of the structure.
• However, at times the main structural material like stone or brick are laid
and dressed to provide a desired external surface, hence are load-bearing
cladding.
• In the case of brick and stone cladding,they may be load bearing type.

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 FUNCTION OF CLADDING
1. Be self supporting between the framing members.
2. Provide the necessary resistance to rain protection.
3. Provide the necessary resistance to wind penetration.
5. Give the required degree of thermal insulation.
6. Provide the required degree of sound insulation to suit the
building type.
7. Give the required degree of fire resistance.
8. Provide sufficient openings for the admittance of natural
daylight and ventilation.
9. Be constructed to a suitable size.
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 CLADDING
Claddings of building can be considered under two classifications:
1. Claddings fixed to a structural backing.
2. Claddings to framed structures.

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 Cladding fixed to the Structural Backing
 Cladding material is installed between exterior floor slab edges
and the exposed exterior columns of the structural frame being
the identifying feature.
 Materials used are generally considered to be small units and are
applied for one or two reason.
 To raise the wall’s resistance to an acceptable level if the
structural wall is unable to provide an adequate barrier
 Used solely as a decorative feature, possibly to break up the
monotony of a large plain area composed of a single material.
 The materials used are tiles, slates, shingles, timber boarding,
plastic boards and stone facings.
 The general method of fixing these small units is to secure or
paste them to the structure backing. 6
Cladding fixed to a structural
Backing

In order: cladding with timber backing structure, cladding with metal

backing( grooved facing), cladding with metal backing
structure(interlocking facing)
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 Cladding fixed to the structural backing

Vertical tile hanging-typical detail

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 Cladding fixed to framed
structure( without backing )
 Has exterior cladding attached directly to structural frame in large panels
which span one or more stories or bays.
 Example: precast concrete or steel-stud frames welded or bolted to
attachments built into the structural frame.
 Primary advantage: ability to fully insulate the exterior walls and protect the
structural frame from deteriorating effects of weather.

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 Cladding fixed to framed
structure( without backing )

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 Brick is a popular construction material in Nepal. Most of the buildings in
Kathmandu are constructed in brick. Machine cut bricks (Chinese) are more
common for exposed brick facades and works as load bearing cladding.
 Various looks and patterns can be created by using different colored bricks
in a brick cladding system.
 Bricks are also easy to work with, lightweight, and a good insulator.
 They also don’t need much maintenance.
 Brick cladding is not recommended in seismically active areas, where
bricks could collapse
 Brick cladding is designed to shed and repel water so that the water cannot
reach the internal framing of the building.

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METHOD OF FIXING
• They are held in place with plaster and mortars or sometimes clamps.
• It should fulfill the functional requirements of the claddings. The construction
is such that the panels are supported at each structural floor and tied at vertical
edges.
• Butterfly wall ties are cast in to the column and built in to the brick joints at
every fourth course. Galvanized pressed steel dovetail slots are cast in to the
column and dovetail anchors are used to form the tie.

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 Stone are also a popular cladding material. They are either pasted or held in
place with the help of dowels and clamp.
• These are the thin layers of stone.
• They may be slate stone or any other sedimentary rocks.
• Normally, stone clads are small in size and have cement mortar bedding on
the wall.
• This kind of cladding may be applied on the normal brick backing or random
ruble stone backing.
• This can also be laid on the concrete backing as well.

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• Bricks and stone cladding are supported at each structural floor and tied at
vertical edges
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• These are commonly used in large construction mass housing, industries, and
high-rise buildings.
• They are usually prefabricated concrete panels with textured face fixed over
the original surface to provide the desired face.
• Constructed of dense concrete with suitable steel reinforcement.
• These are mostly used in high-risk region from weather.

When designing a concrete panel following points are taken to account:

1. Column or beam spacing,

2. Lifting capacity of plant,

3. Joining methods.

4. Exposure conditions,

5. Any special planning requirements as to the finish of texture.

There can be a cladding of concrete on the brick or stone backing. But this in15not
in practice.
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 Timber cladding comes in horizontal boards, singles, or panels.

 It’s a popular choice for many homeowners because the look of real timber
on homes is rustic, warm, and inviting.
 It also is a good natural insulator, and it’s an environmentally friendly
cladding choice.
 Timber cladding is done in dry areas and hilly areas.

 Effective temperature insulator as it keeps the interior cool.

 Fitted by tongue and groove joints mostly

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18
 Metal cladding can give a sleek, modern look, and it comes in a range of
colors.
 Steel and aluminum are popular metal choices for metal cladding systems.

 They are light weight, non-corrosive and recyclable in nature, have high
strength-to-weight ratio
 Copper, another type of metal cladding is used for its aesthetics alone. Zinc is
very expensive but aesthetically eye-catching and durable.

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20
 METHOD OF FIXING
I. Direct Adhered
• This is one of the most common methods.
• In this method, cladding units are attached to the structural backing that
may be brick wall, stone masonry or concrete surface with the help of
mortar or adhesives.
• Brick and stone cladding are commonly fixed by such method.

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 METHOD OF FIXING
II. Mechanical Bonding
• This method involves fixed or embedded anchors or ties being used to
attach the cladding units to the surface
• In this method, holes are drilled at suitable intervals.
• Anchors and ties are driven into the holes and fixed to the structural frame
• Cladding units are welded or bolted to the battens or formworks thus
constructed.
• Timber and Metal cladding are installed by this method.

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 PARTITIONS
• Wall or divisions made up bricks, timber, glass or other such materials
provided for the purpose of dividing one room or a portion of a room from
another.
Advantages
• Divides the whole area into number of rooms.
• Thin in section and therefore occupy less floor area.
• Offers privacy for both sight and sound.
• Easy in construction in any position

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 PARTITIONS
Requirements of good partition
• Thin in section to utilize max. floor area.
• Provide adequate privacy in rooms for both sight and
sound.
• Use of durable, light and strong material.
• Simple, easy and economical in construction
• Fire resistance
• Heat and damp resistant.
• Resistant to insect and fungus attack.

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 PARTITIONS
Types of Partition
• Loading bearing partition
• Non-load bearing partition

Loading bearing partition

• Load bearing partition is designed and construction to receive superimposed
loads and transferring to the foundation.
• It supports the joists of floor, purlins and ceilings joist of the roof.
Non –load bearing partitions
• Non –load bearing partitions neither receive superimposed loads nor transmit
any structural loads to the structural member below.
• This partition has only its own weight to hold in position. It also carries
fixtures and fittings necessary in the room.
• It is obvious that it must be able to resist impact loading on its face and also
vibration caused from any reason.
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 PARTITIONS
According to use of materials
• Brick partitions
• Glass partition
• Concrete partition- plain or reinforced
• AC sheet or CGI sheet partitions
• Timber partitions
• Hollow blocks partitions
• Aluminum partitions
• Gypsum board partitions
• Metal partition
• Straw board partition

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 SUSPENDED (FALSE) CEILING
• Also called false ceiling is a construction ,not load bearing, in
the over head of a room below roof or slab of a building.
• It has framework suspended from the main structure usually
from the roof slab and covering material is then fixed on the
frame
• Forms the void between the roof slab and ceiling
Uses
• For attractive appearance
• Space for housing utilities pipes, electrical wires, telephone
wires, air conditioner etc
• Sound and heat insulation 27
SUSPENDED (FALSE) CEILING

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 SUSPENDED (FALSE) CEILING
Types of ceilings
1. According to use of materials
• Timber
• RCC
• Metal
• Composite
• Gypsum board
• straw boards
• Glass
• paper

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 SUSPENDED (FALSE) CEILING
Types of ceilings
1. According to method of construction
• Joint less
• Jointed
• Open

JOINT LESS :
• The ceiling that is monolithic in appearance and no joints can be seen on the
surface is term as joint less ceiling.
• This can be done by applying plaster on the ceiling board.

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 JOINTED CEILINGS
• Are very commonly used in practice.
• The joints on the ceiling may be made in decorative appearance.
• The frame is made according to desired shape and size ceiling boards.
• Ceiling materials may be fixed with spring clip, nail or screws.

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 OPEN CEILINGS
• In the open ceiling, the frame is fixed in such a way that voids are formed to
give virtual effect.
• Voids are largely provided
• For decorative purpose.

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 PROCEDURE OF CEILING FIXING
• Ceiling joists are fixed on desired height from the floor.
• If necessary, vertical struts are fixed to set joists.
• Battens are then fixed on the joists.
• Ceiling materials like planks, plywood, metal sheets, etc is fixed on the
battens
• Finally, painting and finishing is done.

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 PLASTERING AND POINTING
 Plastering is the process of covering rough surface of walls,
column, ceiling and other components of the building with a
thin coat of mortar to get smooth durable surface.
 It hides defective workmanship.
 Often required to provide a satisfactory base or decorating the
surface by white washing, color washing or painting.
OBJECTIVE OF PLASTERING
• To protect the external surface against penetration of rain water
and other atmospheric action.
• To give a smooth surface and decorative effect.
• To hide interior materials and defective workmanship.
• To protect surface against atmospheric agents
• To protect surfaces against varmint.
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 PLASTERING AND POINTING
Requirements of good plaster
• It should attach to the background and remain during all
variation in seasons.
• It should be hard and durable.
• It should posses’ good workability.
• It should be possible to apply in all weather condition.
• It should be cheap.
• It should check moisture penetration.

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 TYPES OF PLASTER
• Lime plaster (lime, sand, water)
• Cement plaster (cement, sand, water)
• Mud plaster (earth, sand, straw etc , water)
• Surkhi plaster (surkhi, sand, water)

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PLASTERING AND POINTING

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 METHOD OF PLASTERING

• Preparation of surface background

• Application of rendering coat
• Application of final coat

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 Preparation of surface
• Before plastering, the mortar joints should be raked to a depth of
10-15mm so that the plaster can easily catch to the wall.
• All dust should be removed from wall by using stiff wire brush.
• Any uneven constructed projections should be removed so that
which make easier for plastering.
• The wall should be uniformly wet before plastering.
• After that dots are placed of the interval of 2m×2m with the
equal level or thickness of about generally 12mm.
• After that the whole wall is cover by plaster by the help of
gauging tool(trowel), float and floating ruler.

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 Rendering and floating coat
• THREE COAT PLASTER
 FIRST COAT:- Rendering coat
 SECOND COAT:- Floating coat
 THIRD COAT:- Setting/finishing coat
• Rendering Coat:-
 Normal thickness:-12mm
 Should cover all inequalities on the surface
 Scratched crisscross with the edge of trowel
 Surface is let to set for 7 days
 Curing is done to keep it damp and then allowed to dry completely
• Floating Coat:-
 The rendering coat is cleaned off all dirt, dust and other loose mortar droppings
 Slightly wetted
 The mortar is then thrown with mason’s trowel, spread and rubbed to the required plain
surface with wooden float.
 Thickness of coat 6 to 9 mm
 Curing is done for at least 10 days.

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 Finishing Coat

• In case of lime-sand mortar the finishing, coat is applied immediately after

the floating coat.
• The finishing coat consists of cream of lime (Neeru or plaster putty) having
lime cream and sand (4:1)
• It is left for 1 day and curing is done for at least 7 days
• In case of lime-Surkhi Mortar the finishing, coat is applied after 7days after
the floating coat.

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 TERMINOLOGY USED IN PLASTERING
• Back ground: It is the surface to which the first coat of plaster is applied.
• Blistering: This is the development of local swellings on the finished
plastered surface due to residual un-slaked lime nodules.
• Cracking: This is the development of one or more fissures in the plaster due
to movements in the back ground or surrounding structure.
• Crazing: This is the development of hair cracks, usually in an irregular
pattern, over the finished surface.
• Dado: This is lower part of plastered wall, where special treatment is given to
make it better resistance.
• Dots: These are small projections of plaster, laid on background for fixing of
screeds etc. The size of dots may be 15 cm x 15 cm.
• Dubbing coat: This is the process of filling up hollow spaces in the solid
background, before applying the main body of the plaster.
• Finishing coat: It is the final coat of plaster. Such a coat is also known as
setting coat 0r skimming coat.
• Flaking: It is the process of scaling away patches of plaster of previous coat,
due to lack of adhesion with the under – coat. 42
 TERMINOLOGY USED IN PLASTERING
• Gauging: It is the process of mixing various constituents of plaster.
• Grinning: It is the reflection or appearance on the surface of plaster, of the
pattern of joints or similar patterns in the background. Grinning is when the
mortar joints are clearly visible through the plaster. It is caused by the
difference in suction between the masonry units and the mortar, as well as by
taking out mortar joints.
• Hacking: This is the process of roughening the background to provide
suitable bond or key for plastering.
• Keys: These are openings or indentations or corrugations on the background
or surface of under – coat, to which plaster will form mechanical bond.
• Peeling: This is the term applied to the dislodgment of plaster work from the
background.
• Under – coats: These are the coats of plaster applied under the finishing coat.

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 TERMINOLOGY USED IN PLASTERING

• Dado Flaking

• Flaking

Blistering

Grinning
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METHOD OF PLASTERING

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METHOD OF PLASTERING

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DEFECTS IN PLASTER WORK

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 DEFECTS IN PLASTER WORK
Flaking
• The formation of a very small loose mass on the plastered surface is known as
flaking and it is mainly due to bond failure between successive coats of
plaster.

Peeling
• The plaster from some portion of the surface comes off and a patch is formed.
Such formation is termed as peeling and it is mainly due to bond failure
between successive coats of plaster.

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 DEFECTS IN PLASTER WORK
Popping
• Sometimes the plaster mix contains particles which expand on being set. A conical hole
in plastered surface is formed in front of the particle. This conical hole is called as blow
or pop.

Uneven Plaster Surface

• Uneven surface defect becomes prominent only due to poor workmanship of the
plastering work.
Softness of the Plaster
• The excessive dampness at certain points on the plastered surface makes that portion
soft. The main reasons for such softness are undue thinness of the finishing coats,
presence of deliquescent salts, excessive suction of the undercoats etc.
Rust Stains on Plastered Surface
• Rust stains are sometimes seen on the plastered surface especially when plaster is
applied on metal lath.

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 POINTING
 Pointing is the process of treatment of joints in the masonry works.
 The joints are the weakest points for giving access to rainwater or
damp in exposed brick and stone masonry and joints to be treated
properly
 Pointing is the process of raking and applying rich mortar with desired
finishing in the joints of masonry.
 It is preferable when the joint has not completed final setting time(in
plastic state).It is easy to rake and apply mortar in this condition.
 The mortar used in pointing should be richer than masonry mortar.

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 PURPOSE OF POINTING

• Protecting joints from effect of atmosphere.

• Give better appearance.

• Economy to plaster.

• Preventive entry of water in to wall through joints

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 POINTING PROCEDURE

• Joints are raked to 13 mm depth.

• Raked joints are cleaned by using brushes.
• Joints are kept wet for few hours.
• Mortar is applied on the joints by means of small trowel.
• Applied mortar is given the shape of desired type of pointing.
• Curing is done for 3-10 days.

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TYPES OF POINTING

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 TYPES OF POINTING
Beaded pointing –
• Formed by steel rod of suitable size
• Give good appearance but liable to damage.

Flush pointing –
• This type of pointing is formed by pressing mortar in raked joint and the
excess mortar is cut or swiped away from the brick surface leaving a flat
mortar joint.
• Does not give good appearance
• Durable as it protect from accumulation of dust, water etc
• Widely used

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 TYPES OF POINTING
Struck/cut pointing
• Face of pointing is kept inclined
• mortar is pressed in joint such that upper side is more pressed inside the face
by 10mm.

V-grooved or Bucket Handle pointing

• Mortar is first flushed up with face of wall

• A v-groove is formed using steel rod
• Attractive appearance
• Used for superior type of work. 55
 TYPES OF POINTING
Tuck-pointing
• First press the mortar in rack joint.
• Groove of 5mm width and 3mm depth is prepared
• It is filled with white cement or putty.

Rubbed/Keyed/grooved pointing
• A groove is formed at its middle by a pointing rod
• It gives better appearance

Recessed pointing
• Mortar is pressed inside of joint by 5mm by suitable tool.
• Face of pointing is kept vertical
• It gives good appearance.
Weathered (V) pointing
• V-shaped projection of mortar in joints.
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 PAINTING WORKS IN WOODEN METAL AND
MASONRY WORKS
• Paints are liquid compositions of pigments and binders which
when applied to the surface in thin coats dry to form a solid film to
impart the surface a decorative finish.
• It acts as protective or decorative medium on applied surface.
• It is composed of two main components; pigment and organic
binder.
Function of Paint
• Protects wood from decaying
• Prevents corrosion of metals
• Protects from atmospheric action
• Provide decorative and attractive appearance to the surface
• Protects joints from adverse effects of atmosphere
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• Prevents entry of water into wall through joints.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL PAINT
• Paint should form hard and durable surface.
• It should give attractive appearance
• It should cheap and readily available.
• Well stick to the surface & seal the pores thereby.
• It should give have good spreading quality so as to cover maximum area in
minimum quantity.
• Adequate thickness of paint for good protection and decoration of surface.
• It should dry in reasonable time.
• Paint film be able to stand the adverse weather effects.
• Resistance to cracking, flaking etc.
• Possessing moisture resistance.
• Giving permanent color.

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 CONSTITUTENT OF PAINT
Base-
• A base is a solid substance generally a metallic oxide in a form of fine
powder, forming the bulk of a paint
• metallic oxide in the form of powder, chief ingredient of paint, keep
surface opaque. Various bases commonly used are white lead, red lead,
oxide of zinc, oxide of iron, Titanium white, aluminum powder etc.

Coloring Pigment:- They are added to the base to have different colors.

Vehicle/carrier/binder-
• These are liquid substances which hold the different ingredients of a
paint in liquid suspension.
• The vehicle make it possible to spread the paint evenly on the surface

• E.g. linseed oil, tug oil, poppy oil, nut oil etc.
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 CONSTITUTENT OF PAINT
Thinner or solvent-

• liquid that makes the paint thin so that it can be easily applied on surfaces
and evaporates after applying paint.

• Thinning agent commonly used is spirit of turpentine.

Drier-

• They are used to accelerate the process of drying and hardening by

extracting oxygen from atmosphere and transferring it to the vehicle.

• They reduce the elasticity of paint hence should not be used for final coat.

• Dries may be in the form of soluble dries or paste dries.

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 TYPES OF PAINT
• Aluminum paints AAABBCCCEE GPS RL
• Anticorrosive paints
• Asbestos paints
• Bituminous paints
• Bronze paints
• Cellulose paints
• Casein paints
• Cement paints
• Enamel paints
• Rubber base paints
• Emulsion paints
• Graphite paints
• Plastic paints
• Silicate paints
• Luminous paints
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 ALUMINIUM PAINT
• It is prepared by holding very fine ground aluminum in suspension either
in quick drying spirit or slow drying oil varnish as per the requirement of
the surface to be painted.
• The suspension liquid i.e. spirit of oil, evaporates and a thin metallic film of
aluminum is left on the surface.
• This paint is used for painting wood work and metal surface.
• Widely used for painting hot water pipes, gas tanks, marine piers, oil
storage tank etc.

ADVANTAGES
• Very good weather and water and corrosion resisting properties
• Visible in darkness because of its silver shining color.
• It possesses a capacity of painting very large area. For instance, one litre of
this paint may cover an area of about 200m2
• Highly heat reflective.
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 ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT
• It is used to protect metal structure against adverse effects of moisture,
fumes, acids, corrosive chemical fumes etc.
• Consists of linseed oil as vehicle and red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, zinc
dust, zinc chromate etc as their base and a strong drier.
• It last longer, however it gives black appearance.
• Used for metallic structure, storage cement and metallic tanks etc.

ASBESTOS PAINT
• Special-purpose paint used for painting surfaces which are exposed to
acidic gases and steam
• Also used for patch work or stopping leakage in metal roofs.
• Paint consists of fibrous asbestos as main ingredients. 63
 BITUMINIOUS PAINT

• These paints are prepared by dissolving asphalt, bitumen or tar in any type
of oil such as petroleum
• These paints are alkali resistance and are mainly used for painting structural
steel under water.
• The paint gives black appearance and deteriorates when exposed to the
direct sun rays.

BRONZE PAINTS
• It is prepared by dissolving aluminum bronze or copper bronze in nitro-
cellulose lacquer as vehicle.
• These paints are also used for painting interior and exterior metallic
surfaces.

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 CAESIN PAINT
• It is a product extracted from milk curd, is mixed with base like whiting,
titanium, lithopone etc forms which is available in powder or pasty form.
• This paint can be applied on walls, ceilings, wall boards etc to enhance the
appearance.
• It can be tinted in any desired shade of color.

CELLULOSE PAINT
• This paint is prepared from nitrogen-cotton, celluloid sheet, photographic
film etc
• This paint dries very quickly and provides a flexible, hard and smooth
surface.
• This paint does not harden by oxidation but by evaporation of thinning
agent.
• Used for painting cars, aeroplanes etc.
• It remains unaffected by hot water, smoky or acidic atmosphere
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 CEMENT- BASED PAINT
• It consists of white or colored cement as its base and water acts as vehicle.
• No oil is used
• It is available in powder form consisting of cement, pigments, accelerator
and other additives.
• This paint is very much useful for painting external surfaces, since it is
water proof.

ENAMEL PAINT
• It consists of four basic constituents metallic oxide (white lead or zinc
white), oil, petroleum, spirit and resinous matter.
• This paint dries slowly and forms a hard, durable, smooth glossy solid thin
film.
• Commonly used on door, windows, metal grills, stairs etc.

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 RUBBER- BASED PAINT
• It is prepared by treating rubber with chlorine gas( chlorinated rubber)
and then dissolving it in suitable solvent.
• Can be used on new concrete and lime plastered surfaces.
• This paint dries quickly.

EMULSION PAINT
• This paint contains binding materials(vehicles) such as polyvinyl lacetate,
styrene and other synthetic resin.
• It retains its colour for a very long time.
• This paint has excellent resistance against action of alkali.
• It dries very quickly in about 1 to 2 hrs.
• It is used to paint wood or steel work which is to be built in masonry.

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 PLASTIC PAINT
• This paint contains plastic as the base which forms the main constituent of
the paint.
• These paints have the qualities of quick drying, high covering power and
decorative appearances.
• Mostly used in show rooms, display rooms and auditorium etc.
SILICATE PAINT
• It is prepared by mixing calcined and finely ground silica with resinous
substances.
• Silica imparts good adhesion to the paint.
• It forms very hard and durable surface on drying.
• It can withstand extreme heat.
• The paint has no chemical action on metals
LUMINIOUS PAINT
• It is prepared by mixing calcium sulphide with varnish.
• This paint shines in darkness. 68
 PAINTING WORKS ON NEW WOOD WORK
Painting process on new wood work
1. Preparation of surface
• Wood work be properly seasoned
• The surface be clean, dry and free from dust.
• The surface is made smooth by rubbing with sand/ glass paper.
2. Knotting- This is the process of covering or sealing the knots in
the wood work with a substance through which the resin can not
come out or extrude. It can be done by any one of the below method:-
• Size or ordinary knotting
 Applying of first coat of mixture of red lead in water with glue and is
the solution is heated and applied on knots.
 The first coat dries in 10 min and then the second coat is applied.
 second coat of mixture or red lead in oil thinned with boiled oil and
turpentine on dried first coat. 69
 PAINTING WORKS ON NEW WOOD WORK
• PATENT KNOTTING
 It consists of applying a coat of hot lime, leaving it for 24 hrs, scrapping off
the surface and then carrying out size knotting.

3. Priming-
• After knotting, the surface is rubbed with an abrasive paper.
• Priming consists of applying first coat of paint to fill all the pores.
• Priming coat creates a layer of film which provides adhesion of the paint
with the surface.
4. Stopping
 Nail holes, cracks and open joints are filled up with putty.
 It is than rubbed by sand paper to make smooth surface.
 The putty used is the chalk powder mixed to linseed oil.

70
 PAINTING WORKS ON NEW WOOD WORK
5. Second and succeeding coats(under coats)
 First coat of paint with desired color is applied on priming
coat.
 If necessary, second coat of paint is than applied after the first
coat is dried.
6. Finishing coat
 The last coat of desired colored paint is applied to give
smooth and good surface.

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 PAINTING WORKS ON OLD WOOD WORK
1. Preparation of surface
Old painting if blistered and flaked should completely removed by blow
lamp or by using paint removers.
It is removed by applying solution containing 1 kg of caustic
soda(NaOH) in 5 litres of water. It helps paint to dissolved.

2. Coating of paint
First coat of desired paint is applied on the clean and smooth surface of
woodwork. If necessary, second coat is also applied.

3. Finishing coat
Final coating is applied to give smooth, uniform and pleasing surface.
Knotting and priming do not required in the painting of old woodwork.
But, the stopping may required if holes, cracks and opens are seen on the
surface. 72
 PAINTING WORKS ON STEEL

1. The scale and rust if any are removed by scrapping or brushing with steel wire
brushes.

2. Oil, grease and dust are removed by washing with petrol, benzene or
limewater.

3. The surface thus clean and dry is given priming coat of red lead or any
oxides.

4. After the prime coat is dried two or more under coats are applied.

5. The desired color paint in desired number of coats is applied on the primed
surface.

6. The finishing coat should give uniform and pleasing surface.

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 PAINTING WORKS ON MASONRY
 Clean the surface
 Make any repair
 For any major defects in the surface to repair, ready mix concrete patch is used to make
those repairs after cleaning.

 Seal and prime

 Almost any masonry surface needs to be both sealed and primed before the paint is
applied. The sealer keeps moisture from coming through the concrete. This is especially
true in basements, which tend to hold moisture.

 The surface thus clean and dry is given priming coat

 After the prime coat is dried two or more under coats are applied.
 The desired color paint in desired number of coats is applied on the primed
surface.
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 PAINTING ON PLASTERED SURFACE
• Preparation of surface
 Newly plastered surface may contain considerable moisture hence painting
should be restored to only after 3 to 6 months of plastering.
 Lime and cement plastered surface are highly alkaline because lime is
liberated during hydration of cement hence it is necessary to apply alkali
resistant primer.
 All external and internal drainage and water supply pipes must be checked for
rusting or leakage and proper treatment should be given for such defects
 Remove loose particles and rub the surface with sandpaper to insure that
surface is free from dust, dirt or grease.
 Any holes on the surface are repaired by plaster of Paris or by wall putty or
cement. 75
 PAINTING ON PLASTERED SURFACE
• Preparation of surface
 Fungus affected area need to be given special treatment. Make a 5-10%
solution of bleach powder ( Calcium oxychloride- CaOCl2)in water and
apply on affected areas with brush.
 Allow the surface to dry sufficiently
• Priming coat
 Priming coat of mixture of equal parts of white and red lead in boiled linseed
oil is applied on the surface.
 The primer should be allowed to dry for 10-12 hrs.
• First coat
 After the prime coats are completely dry first coat of desired paint is applied
on surface.
• Final coat
 After the first coats are completely dry final coat of desired paint is applied on
first coated surface.
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 DISTEMPERING
 Distempers are considered to be water-paints. It is composed of A
base( whiting or chalk), A carrier (water), A binder (glue or casein) and
coloring pigments.
 They are cheap, durable and easy to application on plastered, cement
concrete and various wall board surfaces.

Properties of Distemper:-
 Easy to apply
 Cheaper than paints and varnishes
 Provides good reflecting coating.
 They acts as sealer over the porous surface and allows the water to pass
through them.
 Not suitable in damp weather because due to alternating wetting and drying
causes the defects like peeling and flaking etc.

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 PROCEDURE OF APPLICATION

 Surface preparation:-
• Rubbed down the surface with a sand paper and then cleaned.
• Keep the surface to dry perfectly before application of distemper.
 Priming Coat:-
• After preparing the surface a priming coat is applied and then left to dry.
 Coats of Distemper:-
• Distemper is applied in 2 to 3 coats.
• One coat over the applied only after the former coat gets completely dried
and become hard.
• Distempering should preferably be done in dry weather to achieve best
result. 78
 VARNISH
 Varnish-It is clear and pale solution of resinous substance dissolved in
either oil turpentine or alcohol. The solution on drying forms a hard,
transparent glossy film on the varnish surface.
 It is applied on wood surface with following objects:-
• To intensify or brighten the appearance of natural grain in wood.
• To render brilliancy to the painted surface.
• To protect the painted surface from atmosphere action.
 Ingredients of varnish
 Resins or resinous substances
 Solvents
 Driers
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 TYPES OF VARNISH
 Oil varnish- It is a cooked mixture of a drying oil (usually linseed oil) and
resin dissolved in volatile liquid thinner (turpentine or benzene). Oil
varnish is used both for interior as well as exterior works. It takes about 24
hours to dry
 Spar varnish- This derives its name from its utility on spares and other
exposed parts of ships. It forms a weather-resistant coating when used
surfaces like rail-road coaches, exterior wood work or metal surfaces.
 Flat varnish- It is sometimes desired that the varnished surface should
present dull appearance. To attain this, manufacturers make varnish which
dry with a reduced gloss by adding such material as wax, metallic soap and
finely divided silica.
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 TYPES OF VARNISH
Asphalt varnish- This is made by dissolving in linseed oil and thinned
with turpentine or petroleum sprit. This varnish is chiefly used to give shop
coat to fabricated iron and steel production.
Spirit varnish- This is a solution of a resin or other film-forming material
dissolved in a volatile liquid. It dries quickly in the form of a hard glossy but
somewhat brittle film. Sprit varnishes are mostly used for wooden furniture.

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 WHITE WASHING AND COLOUR WASHING

 White wash-this is the wash covering to the wall surface. This is the slaked
lime mixed to water and applied to the surface by brush or brume. Depending
on the surface, two or more coats of white wash is done for shining white.

 Color wash- it is wash covering of slaked lime and color pigments mixed to
water on the wall surface. It may be called colored lime painting.

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 PROCEDURE OF WHITE WASHING
• The surface is cleaned and if any holes, be filled by lime putty.
• Lime is mixed to water to desired quantity.
• Surface is made wet before applying wash.
• Solution should be continuously stirred while washing.
• Solution is screened for removing non dissolved particles before washing.
• Hay brome or smooth polishing brushes be used for washing.
• Brush should be dipped and slightly swept against bucket and than to be
applied on the surface.
• Successive coats are applied only after the first coat is fully dried.
• For better brightness, small amount of blue pigment is mixed or salt of small
amount could be advantageous for this purpose.
• Wheat flour, wax or white cement can be used for stainless permanent color
on the surface. The color does not stick on hand after drying.

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