Power Flow Problem

Power Flow Problem

• The power-flow problem is the computation of voltage
magnitude and phase angle at each bus in a power system
under balanced three-phase steady-state conditions.
• As a by-product of this calculation, real and reactive power
flows in equipment such as transmission lines and
transformers, as well as equipment losses, can be
computed.
• The starting point for a power-flow problem is a single-line
diagram of the power system, from which the input data for
computer solutions can be obtained.
• Input data consist of bus data, transmission line data, and
transformer data.
 Bus Bar
• An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of
conductor used for collecting electric power from the
incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing
feeders.
• During the distribution of electrical power to various output
circuits, two or more wires are connected to a single wire.
• The bus bar is an electrical component used in electrical
distribution systems to collect current from the input
terminals of an electrical system and distributes it to various
output circuits.
• It is used as a junction between the input power and output
power.
• It distributes the power to various output circuits with more
flexibility.
Types of Electrical Bus bar System
 Single Bus-Bar Arrangement.
 Single Bus Bar Arrangement with Bus Sectionalizing
 Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement
 Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement
 Sectionalized Double Bus Arrangement
 One-and-a-Half Breaker Arrangement
 Ring Main Arrangement
 Mesh Arrangement
 Single Bus-Bar Arrangement
Advantages of the single bus bar
 Low cost

 Less maintenance

 Operation is simple and easy.

Disadvantages of a single bus bar arrangement are

 If any fault occurs in this, the whole distribution of power is
interrupted and the feeders will be disconnected.

 It is less flexible and used in only small substations,

switchboards, and small power stations where the continuous
distribution of power is not needed.
Single Bus-Bar Arrangement with Bus
Sectionalized
Advantages

 Easy to remove the fault section, without any loss in

the supply continuity

 Individual sections on the bus can be repaired

without disturbing the overall section on the bus bar.

 The current limiting reactor helps to reduce the faults

in the sections of the bus.

Disadvantages
•Usage of additional isolators and circuit breakers in the
system increases the cost.
Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement
This type of bus bar is designed by combining the
auxiliary type and the main bus bar by using a bus
coupler to connect the circuit breaker and isolated
switches.

•In case of overloading, the load is transferred from

one to another bus bar by using a bus coupler.

•In this case, the potentials of the two bus bars should
be the same to transfer the load and the main bar
should be opened and should be kept closer to transfer
the load.
Advantages

 The main advantage is shifting the load from one type to another type if any fault
occurs loss of continuity.

 The cost of repair and maintenance is less

 Relays can be operated by using the bus potential.

 It is very easy to shift the load on any other buses.

Disadvantages

 As the whole systems use two bus bars, the cost would increase

 The whole system may breakdown if any fault occurs in any of the sections on the
bus.
 Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement
Advantages
It gives the highest flexibility and reliability because
there no loss of continuity due to the faults
Even though the load is transferred from one bus to
another, there would be no change in the supply
continuity of the system.

Disadvantages
•The cost of the system and maintenance is more
due to the additional circuit breakers and two buses.
So, these types of bus bar systems are used in
substations
 Sectionalized Double Bus Bar
Arrangement
• In this type, an auxiliary type is also
used along with the sectionalized main
bus bar system.
• Any of the sections in the main type
can be removed for repair and
maintenance and can be connected to
any of the auxiliary bus bars in the
system.
• There is no need to sectionalize the
auxiliary type because of its highest
cost.
 One and a Half Breaker Arrangement
• This type of system uses 3 circuit breakers for 2
circuits.
• That means each circuit in this will use ½ circuit
breaker.
Advantages
 Protects the system against loss of power supply

 Can be used to operate relays

 Easy to add additional circuits to the system

Disadvantages
 Complex circuit due to the relay system

 High maintenance cost

 Ring Main Arrangement
Advantages
 Due to the ring arrangement, two paths are available for
the supply. So, the working of the system will not be
affected due to the faults.
 Faults of a particular section in the whole system can be
repaired without affecting the entire working of the
systems.
 Easy to maintain the circuit breaker without any
interruption in the supply.

Disadvantages
 The system would be overloaded if any of the circuit
breakers are opened.
 Adding the new circuit may create some complications.
Mesh Arrangement
 SINGLE LINE KEY DIAGRAM 132-KV GSS E-8
SJANI G-5
Es-1
101
ISE-1

600/5 2-1 132 KV Bus Bar

1-1
81-1
100/5

ISE-81
L A

10/15 MVA
T-1
132/11 KV
L A

800/5

11 KV Bus Bar I/C-1

Vacuum
Circuit
Breaker
(VCB)
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF
FACULTY OFFICE
ClassOffice
Faculty room

40A

Washroom Sockets
Light Fan
(computers)
s s

2.5A 2.5A 13A 26A

X6
X7 X7 (CABINS)

AC AC Printer Dispenser Networking

switch
• four variables are associated with each bus (k):
• Voltage magnitude (Vk),
• Phase angle (gk),
• Net real power (Pk)
• Reactive power (Qk)

• At each bus:
• Two variables are specified as input data,
• The other two are unknowns to be computed
Classification Of Buses to Study
Busses P Q (VAR) Volts  (Load Angle)
(Watts)
Slack–Reference ? ?  
(Swing)
Load -PQ   ? ?
Voltage-PV  ?  ?
(Generator)
(1) Swing Bus (Slack or Reference Bus) (V &  fixed-known) At this bus the Generation Pg and Qg
are not specified. The voltage magnitude is specified and phase angle  is also fixed at this
bus (for instance, 1∠0° pu), so that all voltage phase angles are measured with respect to voltage at
this bus. For this reason slack bus is also known as reference bus.
Pg=Pd+Pl; Qg=Qd+Ql where Pg; and Qg are the total real and reactive generations, Pd and Qd are the
total real and reactive power demands and Pl and QI. are the power losses in the transmission
network. The values of Pd and Qd are either known or estimated (load forecast). Since the flow of
currents in the various lines in the transmission lines are not known in advance, P I. and QI, but these
losses have to be supplied by the generators. For this purpose, one of the generators or
generating bus is specified as 'slack bus (dropping)' or 'swing bus'. All the system losses are
supplied by the generation at this bus. Further the system voltage profile is also influenced by the
voltage specified at this bus.

used to balance the active |P| & reactive

power |Q| in the system while performing
Load flow studies in Electrical Power
Systems. used to provide system losses
by emitting or absorbing active/reactive
power to/from the system. the slack bus
must absorb all uncertainties arising from
the system
Classification of Buses

(2) Load Bus (PQ Bus) : Only Load Connected and No Generation Exists is called a load bus. P
and Q load demand Pd and Qd are drawn from the supply (load forecast). Quite often, the Q is
calculated from P demand with an assumed power factor. A load bus is also called a P, Q bus. Since the
load demands Pd and Qd are known values at this bus. The other two unknown quantities at a load bus
are voltage magnitude and its phase angle  at the bus. In a power balance equation P d and Qd are
treated as negative quantities since generated powers P g and Qg are assumed positive.
(3) Generator Bus or Voltage controlled Bus or (PV Bus): A voltage controlled bus is any bus in
the system where the voltage magnitude can be controlled by adjusting the field current of a
synchronous generator to maintain constant terminal voltage across the load. The real power
developed by a synchronous generator can be varied by changing the prime mover input. This in turn
changes the machine rotor axis position with respect to a synchronously rotating or reference axis or
a reference bus. In other words, the phase angle of the rotor  is directly related to the real power
generated by the machine. The voltage magnitude on the other hand, is mainly, influenced by the
excitation current in the field winding. Thus at a generator bus the real power generation Pg and the
voltage magnitude IVgI can be specified. It is also possible to produce vars by using capacitor or
reactor banks too. They compensate the lagging or leading vars consumed and then contribute to
voltage control. At a generator bus or voltage controlled bus, also called a PV-bus the reactive power
Qg and g are the values that are not known and are to be computed.
 Power Network Fundamentals
• A power network is an interconnection of two-terminal
components:
• ▪ Generators, transformers, transmission lines, motors, loads

• Each element has impedance

• Electrical quantities:
• ▪ Element voltage – voltage across the element
• ▪ Element current – current through the element

• A set of connected elements forms a Primitive Network

 Network Modeling Approaches
• Network equations model the behavior of power systems

• Node-voltage method is widely used

• ▪ Suitable for most power system analyses

• Uses nodal admittance matrix (Y-bus)

• Produces linear equations when node currents are known

• Solving gives node voltages in terms of known currents

Power Flow Analysis
• In practice, power (P & Q) is known, not current

• Leads to formulation of power flow (load flow) equations

• These equations are nonlinear

• Require iterative solution techniques

• ▪ Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel, etc.
 Importance of Power Flow Studies
• Backbone of power system analysis & design

• Essential for:
• ▪ System planning
• ▪ Operation and control
• ▪ Economic dispatch
• ▪ Power exchange between utilities

• Required for advanced analyses:

• ▪ Transient stability
• ▪ Contingency studies
• ▪ Voltage regulation
NETWORK GRAPH
 Bus Incidence Matrix
The bus incidence matrix A is a
mathematical tool used to represent the
connectivity of buses (nodes) and
branches (edges) in a power system
or graph.

• Each row of matrix A: Represents a bus

(node)

• Each column of matrix A: Represents a

branch (transmission line, transformer,
etc.)

• Matrix entry Aij​:

• +1 → branch leaves bus i
• −1 → branch enters bus i
• Bus voltages are: V1, V2, V3, V4
• Bus Currents are: I1,I2,I3,I4
• Element voltages are: v1​,v2​,v3​,v4​,v5​,v6​
,v7​
• Element currents are: i1​,i2​,i3​,i4​,i5​,i6​,i7​
No Mutual Impedance
Gauss elimination
• In a 3-bus power system, nodal voltage equations were
obtained using KCL at each bus after modeling the
admittance matrix. Use Gauss Elimination to find the
voltage at each bus:
10V1−2V2+V3=15
−3V1+9V2−V3=10
2V1−V2+7V3=20
Jacobi Method
• In a 3-bus power flow system, after current noddle analysis the
following currents were found at each bus. Use Jacobi Method to find
the value of each current:
5I1 – I2 + 2I3 = 12
3I1 + 8I2 – 2I3 = -25
I1 + I2 + 4I3 = 6
Gauss–Seidel method
In a 3-bus power system, the following nodal voltage equations
were obtained after simplifying the Y-bus matrix. Use the Gauss–
Seidel Method to compute the bus voltages V1,V2,V3 (in p.u.) up
to 3 iterations.

Assume initial guesses: V1(0)=1.0, V2(0)=0.0, V3(0)=0.0.

4V1−V2+V3=5
−2V1+5V2−V3=−4
V1−V2+3V3=3
Newton–Raphson method
• In a 2-bus power system, the following nonlinear power
mismatch equations were obtained at the load bus (Bus
2) during power flow analysis.
• Using the Newton–Raphson method, perform 2
iterations to estimate the values of bus voltage
magnitude V and angle δ (in radians).
• Assume the slack bus (Bus 1) is at V1=1∠0∘, and the
initial guess for Bus 2 is V(0)=1.0, δ(0)=0.0.