Scribd
Upload
15 views35 pages

Dentistry Nucleic Acid 1

The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, highlighting their structures, functions, and roles in genetic information and protein synthesis. It explains that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. Additionally, it discusses the differences between DNA and RNA, as well as the process of transcription and the implications of mutations in genetic information.

Uploaded by

cbc4yxgq7h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views35 pages

Dentistry Nucleic Acid 1

The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, highlighting their structures, functions, and roles in genetic information and protein synthesis. It explains that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. Additionally, it discusses the differences between DNA and RNA, as well as the process of transcription and the implications of mutations in genetic information.

Uploaded by

cbc4yxgq7h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Tishk International University

Dentistry Faculty

MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS


TOPIC: Nucleic Acids or Master Molecules

1 Grade- Fall Semester 2022-2023


Instructor Dr. Mehmet Ozdemir
 There are many kinds of organic and
inorganic molecules in the cell.
 They have different structures and
functions.
 In this chapter we will study the
director or master molecules which
control all life activities in the cell.
Commonly they are called nucleic
acids.
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic acids are the master molecules of
cells since they play such vital roles in the
continuation of all life processes.
 They have two main functions
 Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying
molecules of the cell and, by directing the process
of protein synthesis, Maintenance of
genetic continuity between generations Or store
and transfer cellular information and transfer
energy in all living organisms
There are two kinds of nucleic acids

• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid


Deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA,
stores hereditary information in small segments
called genes inside long polymer strands
• RNA= Ribonucleic acid
Nucleic acids
 Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA- double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
 Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides linked by
dehydration synthesis.

copyright cmassengale 5
The structure of DNA and RNA
 Both DNA and RNA are composed of a
chain of nucleotides
 Nucleotides are the backbone of the
nucleic acids.
 Each nucleotides is composed of a
base, pentose sugar and a phosphate
group.
Nucleic acids
 Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

copyright cmassengale 7
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C 1
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
copyright C2
cmassengale 10
Nitrogenous Base
 The base of a nucleotide is composed of
a combination of nitrogen, hydrogen,
carbon and oxygen atoms. Bases are
categorized as purines or pyrimidines
occording to the number of rings in
their structure.
Pyrimidines
 Pyrimidines are bases with a single
ring.
 Three different forms exist in living
things:
cytosine (C),
Thymine (T)
uracil (U)
Purines
 Purines are bases with double rings.
 The two different forms are adenine (A)
and guanine (G).
Sugar
 Each nuclotide includes a 5- carbon, or
pentose sugar as deoxyribose or ribose
forms.
 Ribose participates only in structure of
RNA while deoxyribose participates in
the structure of DNA.
Phosphate Group
 The third molecule in the structure of
a nucleotide is phosphoric acid
(H3PO4).
ATP
 Like monosaccharides, nucleotides and short
nucleotide chains perform important cellular
functions. Adenosine(Adenin and ribose sugar)
triphosphate (ATP) is an important energy
carrier in living organisms. ATP is composed
of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate
groups bonded sequentially.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
 DNA is the hereditary material that is
transmitted from one generation to the
next. Working together with RNA.
 Functions:
 It directs and controls the development and
activities of all the cells of an organims.
 DNA provides the synthesis of RNA,
directly. This case is known as
transcription.
 Structure:
 DNA is composed of the several
nucleotides.
 Each nucleotide contains bases (adenine,
guanine, thymine and cytosine ), sugar
(deoxyribose) and phosphate group.
Each time nucleotides are bound
together, a water molecule is
Each time nucleotides are
bound together, a water
molecule is removed (or
“lost”) through a process
called dehydration
synthesis. (or “lost”) through a
 DNA consists of two chains side by
side or DNA is a double – stranded
helical structure.
Properties
 DNA is found both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
 DNA Replication:
 When a cell divides, its DNA is copied
and passed from one cell generation to the
next generation.
 Segment of DNA is called gene which
transmits genetic information from a
generation to the next.
Lecture 1
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Like DNA, RNA is made up of nucleotide
consisting of a 5-carbon sugar ribose, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
However, there are three main differences
between DNA and RNA:
 It plays a role in protein synthesis
 RNA uses the sugar ribose instead of
deoxyribose.
 RNA is generally single-stranded instead of
double-stranded.
 RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
 RNA is synthesized from DNA,
namely m- RNA, t- RNA and r- RNA.
All of them are structurally and
functionally different.
 In nucleus, mitochondria and
chloroplast and cytoplasm.
mRNA
 tRNA
 rRNA
Type Role

Carries information from DNA in the nucleus


Messenger RNA (mRNA)
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Structural component of ribosomes

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during


Transfer RNA (tRNA)
translation to help build an amino acid chain
m RNA
All types of RNA are
synthesized by DNA.
Synthesizing of RNA from DNA
is called transcription. Than m
RNA moves to the cytoplasm.
Different m RNA are transcripted from
DNA for the synthesis of different proteins.
t RNA
 t RNA is synthesized in nucleus but
than remains in cytoplasm.
 t RNA carries aminoacids from
cytoplasm to ribosome.
 Each t RNA can transfer only one
kind of aminoacid. There must be 20
types of t RNA because there are 20
types of aminoacid.
r RNA

r RNA is formed by DNA in the
nucleolus of the cell.
 r RNA takes roles in protein
synthesis.
 r RNA participates structure of
ribosome.
Mutations

 Sometimes cells make mistakes in


copying their genetic information,
causing mutations. Mutations can be
irrelevant, or they can affect the way
proteins are made and genes are
expressed.
THANK YOU

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy