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Criminology is the scientific study of crime, focusing on its nature, causes, and societal responses. It encompasses the analysis of criminal behavior, the legal definitions of crime, and the impact on victims, while also borrowing from various disciplines such as psychology and biology. The field aims to understand crime causation and develop strategies for prevention and rehabilitation of offenders.

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10 views

chapter1-1

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, focusing on its nature, causes, and societal responses. It encompasses the analysis of criminal behavior, the legal definitions of crime, and the impact on victims, while also borrowing from various disciplines such as psychology and biology. The field aims to understand crime causation and develop strategies for prevention and rehabilitation of offenders.

Uploaded by

hirashoaib925
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1

Criminology
CRIMINOLOGY

• CRIMINOLOGY
•
• DEFINITIONS
• Criminology is a combination of two Latin words:
• Crimen – crime
• Logus or logy – science
•
• It is the science or study of crime. It is concerned with the conduct of
individuals which is prohibited by society and law. It is a socio-legal
study which seeks to discover the causes of criminality and suggests
appropriate remedies.
• Edwin Sutherland
• Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within its scope the processes of making
laws, breaking laws and reacting towards the breaking of law. (From
the above definition it is apparent that criminology is a combination of
how the society defines and deals with crime within a social and
legal context).
• Donald Taft
• Criminology may be divided into two branches:
• general
• specific
•
• Criminology in a general sense is the study of crime and criminals.
In a specific sense it seeks to study criminal behavior its goal being
to reform the criminal behavior or conduct of the individual which
society condemns
What is Criminology?

• Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and


control of criminal behavior.
• INTRODUCTION: A crime is a breach of a statutory duty, it is also
known as an offence. When a person does a crime his liability is
determined the elements of crime. Which are guilty intention and
wrong act/ thus when these too constitute together and crime is
performed.

• The term crime denotes an unlawful act punishable by a state.


The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple
and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions
have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view
is that crime is a category created by law; in other words,
something is a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act
harmful not only to some individual or individuals but also to a
community, society or the state. Such acts are forbidden and
punishable by law.
• Criminology as a subject therefore deals with:
• criminal acts;
• the criminal;
• it indirectly deals with the victim of the crime;
• crime causation and theory;
• crime prevention and detection of potential offenders;
• The efficacy of the criminal justice system.
• Criminology borrows heavily from other sciences including biology
(genetical make up of a criminal) psychology) (thinking process of a
criminal mind), psychiatry (mental stability and inclination of a
criminal), philosophy, general medicine etc.
Crime

• There can be no crime without punishment


• For one to be guilty of a crime two elements must be
proved, in satisfaction of the maxim actus non facit reum
mens sit rea.
 Mens Rea – A guilty mind
 Actus Rea – Guilty Act
• From a legal point of view crime can be described as:
• From the nature of the act itself.
 It is a wrong which causes harm
 It is a wrong against the whole community
 It is a wrong that directly threatens the well-being and
security of society.

• From the proceedings (i.e., the process)


• Crime is dealt with through criminal proceedings
• It is an illegal act whose proceedings are initiated, stopped
or pardoned by the state. (role of AG, etc)
• From the consequences

• It is a wrong whose sanction is punishment

• It is a wrong whose sanction is punitive and for which the state decides
on the proceedings and the nature of that punishment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME
Ideally, a human behavior cannot be called as crime with at least
these characteristic, which are as under.
1 Harm should have been caused; mere intention is not enough.

2 The harm must be legally forbidden. anti social behavior is no


crime unless prohibited by law.

3 There must be conduct, which brings harmful results.

4 'MENS REA' or 'criminal intent' must be present.


.
5 The harm caused must be a natural consequence of a voluntary act.
If one shoots at a person and the victim dies due to suffocation in the
hospital while recovering form wound no murder.

6 There must be legally prescribed punishment


Scope of Criminology

SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
The word criminology originated in 1890. The general meaning of the
term is the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, of
criminal and of penal instructions. Prof. Kenny analyzed that;
criminology is a branch of criminal science which deals with crime
causation, analysis and prevention of crime. Criminology as a branch of
knowledge is concerned with those particular conducts of human
behavior which are prohibited by society. It is, therefore a socio-legal
study which seeks to discover the causes of criminality and suggest the
remedies to reduce crimes.
• The problem of crime control essentially involves the need
for a study of the forces operating behind the incidence of
crime and a variety of co-related factors influencing the
personality of the offender. This has eventually led
development of modern criminology during the preceding
two centuries. The purpose of study of this branch of
knowledge is to analyze different aspects of crime and device
effective measures for treatment of criminals to bring about
their re-socialization and rehabilitation in the community.
Thus criminology as a branch of knowledge has a practical
utility in so far as it aims at bringing about the welfare of the
community as a whole.

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