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Mathematics 1

The document provides an introduction to Euclid's geometry, explaining its origins and significance in mathematics. It outlines Euclid's definitions, axioms, and postulates, which form the foundation of geometric principles. The conclusion notes that while Euclid's definitions are not universally accepted today, axioms and theorems remain essential in mathematical reasoning.

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40 views9 pages

Mathematics 1

The document provides an introduction to Euclid's geometry, explaining its origins and significance in mathematics. It outlines Euclid's definitions, axioms, and postulates, which form the foundation of geometric principles. The conclusion notes that while Euclid's definitions are not universally accepted today, axioms and theorems remain essential in mathematical reasoning.

Uploaded by

ganeshsundarpk
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS

DONE BY
G.KIRUTHIKA DEVI
INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY
Introduction:
The word ‘Geometry’ comes from
the greek words ‘geo’, meaning the ‘earth’,
and ‘metrein’,meaning to measure. Geometry
appears to have originated from the need for
measuring land. This branch of mathematics
was studied in various forms in every ancient
civilization, be it in Egypt,China,India,Greece
etc.,
GREEK MATHEMATICIAN
A Greek Mathematician, Thales is
credited with giving the first known proof.
This proof was of the statement that a circle
is bisected (i.e., cut into two equal parts) by
its diameter. One of Thales most famous
pupils was Pythagoras, whom you have heard
about. Pythagoras and his group discovered
many geometric properties and developed the
theory of geometry to a great extent.
About Euclid
Euclid, a teacher of mathematics
at Alexandria in Egypt, collected all
the known work and arranged it in
his famous treatise, called
‘Elements’. He divided the
‘Elements’ into thirteen chapters
each called a books. These books
influenced the whole world’s
understanding of geometry for
generations to come.
EUCLID’S DEFINITION
1. A point is that which has no part.
2. A line is breadthless length.
3. The ends of a line are points.
4. A straight is a line which lies evenly with the
points on itself.
5. A surface is that which has length and
breadth only.
6. The edges of the surface are lines.
7. A plane surface is a surface which lies
evenly with the straight lines on itself.
EUCLID’S AXIOMS
1) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal
to one another.
2) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
3) If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders
are equal.
4) Things which coincide with one another are equal to
one another.
5) The whole is greater than the part.
6) Things which are double of the same things are equal
to one another.
7) Things which are halves of the same things are equal
to one another.
EUCLID’S POSTULATES
A straight line may be drawn from any one point to
any other point.
A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
A circle can be drawn with any centre and any
radius.
All right angles are equal to one another.
If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes
the interior angles on the same side of it taken
together less than two right angles, then the two
straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that
side on which the sum of angles is less than two
right angles.
EXAMPLE
If A,B, and C are three points on a line, and
lies between A and C, then prove that AB +
BC =AC.
Using Euclid’s Axiom (4) says that things
which coincide with one another are equal to
one another. So, it can be deduced that
AB + BC = AC
Note that in this solution, it has been
assumed that there is a unique line passing
through two points.
CONCLUSION
Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a
plain, the definitions are not accepted by
mathematicians. Therefore, these terms are
now taken as undefined.
Axioms or postulates are the assumption
which are obvious universal truths. They are
not proved.
Theorems are statements which are proved,
using definitions, axioms, previously proved
statements and deductive reasoning.

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