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Blood Lecture 03

The document provides an overview of hemoglobin, its structure, types, and functions in the body, highlighting its role in oxygen transport and iron metabolism. It details normal hemoglobin levels, the formation process, and the importance of iron in hemoglobin synthesis and storage. Additionally, it discusses the regulation of iron absorption and daily iron loss in humans.

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29 views22 pages

Blood Lecture 03

The document provides an overview of hemoglobin, its structure, types, and functions in the body, highlighting its role in oxygen transport and iron metabolism. It details normal hemoglobin levels, the formation process, and the importance of iron in hemoglobin synthesis and storage. Additionally, it discusses the regulation of iron absorption and daily iron loss in humans.

Uploaded by

muffink0520
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BLOOD

PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Tabish Masood Ranjha
HEMOGLOBIN
A chromo protein molecule.

Is present exclusively within the


erythrocyte.

Roughly one third of the volume of the


erythrocyte is occupied by hemoglobin

Is a complex protein with two moieties:

Heme = pigment

Globin = protein
HEMOGLOBIN:
NORMAL
LEVELS
Males: 14 – 18 gm%
Females: 12 – 15 gm%
At birth: 23 gm%
Falls to 10.5gm% by third
month
Rises gradually to 12.5 gm
% at 1 year of age.
FORMATION OF
HEMOGLOBIN
Following are the basic chemical steps in the formation of
hemoglobin;
Succinyl-CoA, formed by the acetic acid in the Krebs
metabolic cycle  binds with glycine
STRUCTURE OF
HEMOGLOBIN
 Each hemoglobin chain has a heme

prosthetic group containing an atom


of iron.

 Four hemoglobin chains in each

hemoglobin molecule.

 Four iron atoms in each hemoglobin

molecule.

 Each iron atom binds loosely with

one molecule of O2, making a total of


four molecules of oxygen (or eight
oxygen atoms) that can be transported
by each hemoglobin molecule.
STRUCTURE OF
HEMOGLOBIN
 There are several slight variations in the
different subunit hemoglobin chains,
depending on the amino acid composition
of the polypeptide portion.
 The different types of chains are
designated alpha chains, beta chains,
gamma chains, and delta chains.
 The most common form of hemoglobin in
the adult human being, hemoglobin A.
 Hemoglobin A, is a combination of two
alpha chains and two beta chains.
 Hemoglobin A has a molecular weight of
64,458.
TYPES OF HEMOGLOBIN

In the
In the fetus: In adults:
embryo:
Gower 1 Hemoglobin F Hemoglobin A - The
Gower 2 most common with a
normal amount over
95%
Hemoglobin A2 - it has
a normal range of 1.5-
3.5%
Hemoglobin F - the
level of Hb F can be
elevated in persons
with sickle-cell disease
and beta-thalassemia.
TYPES OF HEMOGLOBIN
FUNCTION OF
HEMOGLOBIN
 Hemoglobin give red color to the blood.
 Primary function of hemoglobin in the body is to
combine with oxygen in the lungs and then to
release this oxygen readily in the peripheral
tissue's capillaries, where the gaseous tension of
oxygen is much lower than in the lungs.
 Oxygen is released into the tissue fluid in the form of
dissolved molecular oxygen rather than as ionic
oxygen.
METABOLISM OF
HEMOGLOBIN
1. When red blood cells burst and release their
hemoglobin, The hemoglobin is
phagocytized almost immediately by
macrophages especially by the Kupffer
cells of the liver, macrophages of the
spleen and bone marrow.
2. During the next few hours to days, the
macrophages release iron from the
hemoglobin
1. to be carried by transferrin to the bone
marrow for the production of new red
blood cells .
2. to the liver and other tissues for storage
in the form of ferritin.
3. The porphyrin portion is converted by the
macrophages into the bile pigment
bilirubin, which is released into the
blood and later removed from the body
by secretion through the liver into the
IRON METABOLISM
 Iron is important for the formation of hemoglobin, myoglobin,
cytochromes, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, catalase
 The total quantity of iron in the body averages 4 to 5 grams.

 65 per cent is in the form of hemoglobin.

 4 per cent is in the form of myo-globulin.

 1 per cent is in the form of the various heme compounds that


promote intracellular oxidation.
 0.1 per cent is combined with the protein transferrin in the
blood plasma.
 15 to 30 per cent is stored for later use, mainly in the
reticuloendothelial system and liver parenchymal cells, principally
in the form of ferritin.
TRANSPORT AND
STORAGE OF IRON
 When iron is absorbed from the small intestine, it
immediately combines in the blood plasma with a
beta globulin, apotransferrin, to form transferrin,
which is then transported in the plasma.
 The iron is loosely bound in the transferrin and,
consequently, can be released to any tissue cell at any
point in the body.
 Excess iron in the blood is deposited especially in
the liver hepatocytes and less in the
reticuloendothelial cells of the bone marrow.
 In the liver cell cytoplasm, iron combines mainly
with a protein, apoferritin, to form ferritin.
 This iron stored as ferritin is called storage iron.
 Smaller quantities of the iron in the storage pool are in
an extremely insoluble form called hemosiderin
ABSORPTION OF IRON
FROM THE INTESTINAL
TRACT
 The liver secretes moderate amounts of apo-
transferrin into the bile and into the duodenum
 Apo transferrin binds with free iron, hemoglobin,
and myoglobin to form transferrin
 Transferrin binds with receptors in the membranes of
the intestinal epithelial cells
 Pinocytosis occurs, and transferrin is absorbed into
the epithelial cells
 Transferrin is released into the blood capillaries in
the form of plasma transferrin
 Iron absorption from the intestines is extremely slow, at
a maximum rate of only a few milligrams per day.
 This means that even when tremendous quantities of
iron are present in the food, only small proportions
can be absorbed
A man excretes about;

DAILY 0.6 milligram of iron each


day, mainly into the feces.
Additional quantities of iron
LOSS are lost when bleeding
occurs.

OF For a woman, additional


menstrual loss of blood

IRON
brings long-term iron
loss to an average of
about 1.3 mg/day.
REGULATIO
N OF TOTAL
BODY IRON
Total body iron is
regulated by altering
the rate of absorption.
If more iron is present
in the body rate of
absorption is
decreased & vice
versa.

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