Real world analogy(Example 1)

• Parallel Mode(All at Once): Imagine a classroom where multiple

students are writing in their notebooks at the same time. Each
student represents a bit, and since they all write simultaneously,
multiple bits are transmitted per clock tick.
• Serial Mode(One by One): Think of a teacher conducting a lesson
where students take turns speaking, one after another. Here, only one
student (bit) communicates at a time, making it analogous to serial
transmission.
Real world analogy(Example2)
• Serial Mode (One by One)
• If the teacher calls out each student's name one by one, and each student
responds individually (e.g., "Present!"), this is serial transmission because only
one response is given at a time per clock cycle.
• Analogy: This is like serial data transmission, where one bit is sent at a time.
• Parallel Mode (All at Once)
• If the teacher asks, "Is everyone present?" and all students raise their hands
simultaneously, this is parallel transmission because multiple responses (bits)
are received at the same time.
• Analogy: This is like parallel data transmission, where multiple bits are sent
together.
•Synchronous → Happens at the same time. (Live conversation)
•Asynchronous → Happens at different times. (Emails, messages)
•Isochronous → Happens at regular, fixed intervals. (Video streaming, heartbeat)
Real world analogy
• three types of serial transmission:
• Asynchronous: The students take chocolates at irregular intervals.
One student might take a chocolate after 1 minute, another after 5
minutes, and another after 10 minutes. There is no fixed time gap,
and chocolates are taken whenever students feel like it.
• Synchronous: You call students one by one in a sequence with a
small, consistent gap in between. There is a structured order, like
calling roll numbers with a slight pause.
• Isochronous: You continuously give chocolates to students at a fixed
and equal time interval without any pause.
• Key Difference:
• Asynchronous communication does not maintain order and has
irregular time gaps between events.
• Synchronous ensures order, but time intervals can vary.
• Isochronous ensures both order and perfectly equal time gaps.
 TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can be

accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In
parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock
tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data,
there are three subclasses of serial transmission:
asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

Topics discussed in this section:

Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
4.7
Figure Data transmission and modes

In data transmission, we can transmit data in two different

modes:
there is only one way to send data in parallel mode ,but there
are three ways to send data in serial mode
Parallel transmission
• Parallel transmission is a method of data transfer where multiple bits
are sent simultaneously over multiple channels or wires.
 Parallel transmission

Figure Parallel transmission

Advantages of Parallel Transmission
• Faster Data Transfer
Multiple bits are sent simultaneously, making it faster than serial
transmission.
• Used in High-Speed Interfaces ⚡
Used in applications like printer cables, internal buses,
for fast data transfer.
Disadvantages of Parallel
Transmission
Limited for Short Distances
Works well for short-distance communication, like inside a computer
(e.g., RAM to CPU).
Serial transmission
• Serial transmission is a method of data transfer where bits are sent
one after another over a single channel or wire.
Figure Serial transmission
Avantages of serial transmission
• Fewer Wires Needed
• Less Interference & Crosstalk
there is less chance of signal interference compared to parallel
transmission.
Disadvantage of serial
transmission

Extra conversion devices are needed to switch between

parallel (inside devices) and serial (for transmission) formats.

This adds complexity, cost, and processing time.

serial transmission
• Asynchronous transmission is a method of data transfer in which data is sent
one byte (or character) at a time, with irregular time intervals between
transmissions. Each unit of data is independently sent with start and stop bits
to indicate the beginning and end of the transmission.
Key Features:
Start and Stop Bits: Each character is framed with a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1).
Variable time gaps: Data can be sent at irregular intervals.
Simple and Cost-effective: Requires less infrastructure compared to synchronous
transmission.
Slower than synchronous transmission due to overhead caused by start and stop
bits.
Note

In asynchronous transmission, we send

1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
byte. There may be a gap between
each byte.
Note

Asynchronous here means

“asynchronous at the byte level,”
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.
Asynchronous at the byte level
• This means that each character (byte) is sent separately, and there
can be a gap between sending two characters. So, one letter may be
sent now, and the next one might be sent after a short or long pause.
• Imagine you are sending words through WhatsApp:
• You send "H" now.
• After a few seconds, you send "E".
• After some time, you send "L" and then "L" and "O".
• There's no fixed timing between each letter, but your friend can still
understand the message.
Bits are still synchronized
• Even though the characters are sent at different times, inside each
character, the bits are sent at a fixed speed.
Think of it like writing a letter:
• Even if you send letters at different times, each letter is written neatly
and in a standard format so the receiver can read it properly.
• Similarly, the bits inside each character are uniform and follow the
same timing, ensuring that the receiver can correctly understand
them.
• Bytes (characters) are sent at irregular intervals (asynchronous).
• But inside each byte, the bits are sent at a fixed speed
(synchronized).
Figure Asynchronous transmission
Asynchronous transmission
• Example:
• A keyboard is a good example of asynchronous transmission. Each key
press sends a character independently, with start and stop bits,
without requiring a constant flow of data.
synchronous transmission
• Synchronous transmission is a data transfer method where data is
sent in a continuous stream with a shared clock between the sender
and receiver.
synchronous transmission
• Key Features:
• Shared clock: Both sender and receiver follow the same timing.
• Continuous data flow: Data is sent in blocks or frames without start
and stop bits for each character.
• Faster than asynchronous transmission because there is less
overhead.
• Used in high-speed communication like network connections
(Ethernet, Wi-Fi).
Note

In synchronous transmission, we send

bits one after another without start or
stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility
of the receiver to group the bits.
synchronous transmission
• In synchronous transmission, since there are no start or stop bits
between characters, the receiver uses a shared clock and special
patterns to correctly group the incoming bits into meaningful data.
Here’s how it works:
• Shared Clock Synchronization
• The sender and receiver follow the same clock.
• The receiver knows the timing of each bit, so it can count and group
them into characters or frames.
synchronous transmission
• Special Synchronization Patterns
• A special sequence of bits (synchronization bits) is sent at the
beginning of a data block.
• The receiver detects this pattern to know when a new message starts.
• After detecting the sync pattern, the receiver starts grouping bits into
bytes based on the known data format.
Figure Synchronous transmission
synchronous transmission
Isochronous transmission
• Iso means "same" or "equal.“
• Chronous means "time."
Isochronous transmission
• Isochronous transmission is a type of data transfer where data is sent at
regular, fixed time intervals, ensuring a steady and smooth flow of information.
It is mainly used for applications that require real-time data delivery, such as
audio and video streaming.
• Key Features:
1.Fixed time intervals: Data is transmitted at evenly spaced time slots.
2.No delays or buffering: Ensures data arrives on time for real-time applications.
3.Continuous data flow: Used in multimedia applications like video calls and
online gaming.
4.No resending of lost data: Prioritizes timing over accuracy, as delays are
unacceptable.