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CovalentBondingNotes Honors

This document covers the fundamentals of covalent bonding, including the sharing of valence electrons between nonmetals, the naming conventions for covalent molecules, and the construction of Lewis structures. It also introduces VSEPR theory for predicting molecular geometry and discusses the concepts of polarity and intermolecular forces. Additionally, it contrasts intramolecular forces with intermolecular forces, highlighting their differences and types.

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20 views40 pages

CovalentBondingNotes Honors

This document covers the fundamentals of covalent bonding, including the sharing of valence electrons between nonmetals, the naming conventions for covalent molecules, and the construction of Lewis structures. It also introduces VSEPR theory for predicting molecular geometry and discusses the concepts of polarity and intermolecular forces. Additionally, it contrasts intramolecular forces with intermolecular forces, highlighting their differences and types.

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aditithambi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 3

Bonding
Section 1
Covalent Bonding

• Valence electrons are shared


• Between nonmetals
• No oxidation #’s
• Poor conductors
• Low melting/boiling
• INTRAmolecular forces hold molecules togetherpoints

A group of atoms united by a covalent bond is


called a molecule.
Naming Covalent Molecules
1st Element
• If there is only 1, use the
normal name.
• If there is more than 1, add
prefix to the normal name.
2nd Element
• Always use a prefix.
• Always change ending to –
ide.
Covalent Prefixes

1 = mono- 6 = hexa-

2 = di- 7 = hepta-

3 = tri- 8 = octa-

4 = tetra- 9 = nona-

5 = penta- 10 = deca-
Let’s practice…
N2O CH4

PCl3 NH3

SBr8 P4F10
Let’s practice…

Sulfur trioxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide
Triphosphorus hexabromide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Nitrogen monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
HOFBrINCl

They can never be alone,


Diatomic because they are not
stable alone. If they
Molecules are not bonded to
another element, then
there are two of them.
Name them as they
appear on the
periodic table with the
word molecule after it.
Br2 Bromine
molecule
I2 Iodine molecule
N2 Nitrogen
molecule
HOFBrINC Cl2 Chlorine
l molecule
H2 Hydrogen
molecule
O2 Oxygen
molecule
F2 Fluorine
molecule
Section 2
Lewis Structures for Molecules
1. The central element is usually the
one that is farthest left on the per.
table.
2. Hydrogen and Fluorine are always
terminal elements (TE) (on the end).

3. Count the # of valence e- in the


molecule
4. Count the # of e- needed for each
element to have a full valence shell (8
except H)
Subtract
• Subtract the # of valence e- from the
amt. needed. This is the # of
electrons needed for bonding.

Connect
• Connect each terminal element with
Lewis one bond (1 line = 2e-).

Structures Add in
• Add in double and triple bonds as
needed. (C, N and P can have triple
bonds and C, N, S, O can have double
bonds)

Add
• Satisfy the octet of the central atom
then add remaining lone pairs of e-
around the terminal elements
1. Determine central atom
a. Usually the first element in compound
b. If unclear, it’s whatever is leftmost
(never hydrogen or fluorine)
2. Count up total number of valence
electrons from all atoms
3. Draw single bonds connecting all atoms
to center (Single bond = 2 electrons)
4. Draw double bonds for oxygen or sulfur
if they’re on the outside (not if they are
central) (double bond = 4 electrons)
5. Dot lone pairs around all atoms until
they have 8 valence electrons
6. Count to make sure you used all your valence
electrons and no more
7. If you used too many
a. Make a double bond between two of the
following
i. C, N, O, S, P
b. Or make a triple bond between two of the
following (Triple bond = 6 electrons)
i. C, N, or P
8. If you used too few
a. Turn a double or triple bond into lone pairs on
each of the atoms the bond was between
9. NEVER
a. Put an unpaired electron
b. Put more than 8 valence electrons
c. Put a lone pair on carbon
d. Give hydrogen more than 2 electrons
Let’s Practice…
CH4

Br2
Let’s Practice…

PBr3

NO2-1
Section 3
VSEPR Theory
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
• Arrangement of atoms that minimizes the
repulsion of shared (bonded) & unshared
(lone pairs) electron pairs around the
central atom.
• Unshared e- pairs (aka lone pairs) occupy
more space than bonded e- pairs
Molecular Geometry
The shape of molecule is determined by Lewis
Structure & VSEPR theory
Must know # of bonded e- pairs & # of lone e-
pairs around the CENTRAL atom
Electron Domain: counts all bonds and lone pairs
Bonding Region: counts only bonds (double and
triple bonds are a single bonding region.)
VSEPR Theory
• Which is the better representation of a
water molecule? WHY????
A.
B.
Molecular Geometry
• 5 basic shapes:
► Linear – 2 bonding regions (br),
0 non bonding (nb)
► Bent – 2 br, 1 or 2 nb
► Trigonal Planar – 3 br, 0 nb
► Trigonal Pyramidal – 3 br, 1 nb
► Tetrahedral – 4 br, 0 nb
Molecular Geometry
Molecule Shape Name Bond Angle

Linear 180

Trigonal Planar 120

Tetrahedral 109.5

Trigonal Pyramidal 107

Bent (2 lone pairs) 104.5

Bent (1 lone pair) 118


Example

►Name the molecule and then


identify the shape and bond angle.
Page 4 of packet
Lone pairs…
Section 4
Polarity

• Depends on electronegativity values


• Bonds between identical atoms are
nonpolar
• Polar bond: one atom is more
electronegative than the other
• Polar molecules are solids at
room temperature
Polarity

• Dipole bonds: have partial charges


► δ- represents partial negative (more
electronegative atom)
► δ+ represents partial positive (less
electronegative atom)
Polarity & Shape

Depends on symmetry of shape (distribution of δ- and δ+ )

• Asymmetric shape = • Symmetric shape =


polar molecule nonpolar molecule
► Ex: Bent, Trigonal ► Ex: Trigonal planar,
Pyramidal Tetrahedral, Linear
► Ex: H2O, PH3 ► Ex: CO2, CCl4
Review

Molecule Name Drawing Molecula Bond Polarity


r Shape angle

SO3

PI3
Covalent Bond Strengths

Single ⇨ Double ⇨ Triple


H2 H H O2 O O N2 N N

⮚ Single bonds are long & weak…triple


bonds are short & strong because of
attraction to the nucleus and orbital
overlap.
⮚ Bond dissociation increases from single
to triple(b/c you must put in energy to
break each bond individually)
Section 5
Intermolecular Forces
► Force of attraction between at least 2
covalent molecules
► Attraction is caused by polarity. (+, -
attract)
► There are 3 types
► Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and
London dispersion forces (LDF)
intramolecular vs intermolecular

► Intramolecular Force
► Chemical bonds holding a molecule together
► 3 types- ionic, metallic, covalent
► Chemical changes are needed to break these bonds

► Intermolecular Force
► ATTRACTIONS between molecules due to polarity
► 3 types- hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, London
dispersion
► Physical changes can break these forces
intramolecular vs intermolecular
Hydrogen Bonding

A. Hydrogen Bonding: occurs btwn


molecules when H is covalently
bonded to O, F, or N
B. The high Electronegativity of O, F, or
N pulls e- away from H. This leaves
H (+) with a very strong attractive
force for negative charge of
neighboring molecules.
C. Strongest IMF
D. Higher melting/boiling pts
Dipole-Dipole Interactions

► Must be a polar molecule.


► The positive end of one molecule is
attracted to the negative end of the
other.
► Weaker than hydrogen bonding.
London Dispersion Forces

o Exists in all molecules and atoms.


o Occurs when the electrons shift to one side of
the atom causing an electrostatic attraction
with a nearby atom.
o Weakest IMF with low melting and boiling
points
Identify the IMF
► Ionic Bonding Same
► Metal/nonmetal both have a nonmetal
► High melting and boiling stable- octet rule
► Don’t share electrons separate by chemical
► Soluble in water

► Covalent bonding
► Nonmetals
► Low melting and boiling
► Share electrons
► Many not soluble in water

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