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3a. Humanistic Approach Powerpoint (Penny)

The document introduces the Humanistic Approach in psychology, highlighting key theorists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. It emphasizes concepts such as self-actualization, the importance of free will, and the distinction between real self and ideal self, as well as the impact of unconditional and conditional positive regard on personal development. Additionally, it outlines Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which categorizes human motivations into levels that must be satisfied sequentially.

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21 views23 pages

3a. Humanistic Approach Powerpoint (Penny)

The document introduces the Humanistic Approach in psychology, highlighting key theorists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. It emphasizes concepts such as self-actualization, the importance of free will, and the distinction between real self and ideal self, as well as the impact of unconditional and conditional positive regard on personal development. Additionally, it outlines Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which categorizes human motivations into levels that must be satisfied sequentially.

Uploaded by

freemanyorgo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO

PSYCHOLOGY

HUMANISTIC APPROACH
The Third Force
Content:

• Intro to Humanistic Approach

• Carl Rogers
– Concept of Self
– Congruence vs Incongruence
– Client Centred Therapy

• Abraham Maslow
– Philosophy
– Hierarchy of Needs
– Application

• Strengths/Weaknesses?
Behaviourists focused on environmental causes

Psychoanalysts looked at unconscious impulses

Humanists believed in free will and self-


determination
Introduction to the Humanistic Approach

• developed as a rebellion against what some psychologists


saw as the limitations of the behaviourist and
psychodynamic psychology

• all individuals are unique and basically good

• all individuals have an innate (inborn) drive to achieve their


maximum potential – self-actualisation

• humans have free will; not all behaviour is determined

• individuals have responsibility for own behaviour


Introduction to the Humanistic Approach
• approach is optimistic and focuses on the human capacity to
overcome hardship, pain and despair

• it is the study of the whole person

• looks at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the


observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the
behaving
• studies the individual case (idiographic) rather than the
average performance of groups (nomothetic) [individual vs
collective]

• argues that objective reality is less important than a person's


subjective perception and understanding of the world
Introduction to the Humanistic Approach
Two key theorists:

Carl Rogers:
• founder of humanistic approach
• Concept of self
• Client Centred Therapy (CCT)

Abraham Maslow:
• motivation is unrelated to rewards
or unconscious desires
• Hierarchy of Needs
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers
Main assumptions:

• humans have a basic need to feel nurtured and valued by


significant people in their lives, in a conducive environment

• without these, relationships and healthy personalities may


not develop

• each individual can achieve hopes, goals, wishes and


desires ie reach full potential - achieve self-actualisation
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Concept of Self:

The ‘self’ – who we really are as a person, our inner personality

‘Self’ influenced by:


• our experiences
• our interpretation of these experiences

Sources that can influence our ‘self’-concept are:


• childhood experiences
• evaluation by others
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Concept of Self:

The construct of ‘self’ includes two main components:

1. Real Self

2. Ideal Self (or self-concept)


Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers
REAL SELF
• All our experiences (feelings,
wishes, perceptions) IDEAL SELF
• set of characteristics
individual to each of us • the person we would like to be
• has an effect on how we think, • our hopes, goals and ambitions
feel and behave in the world in life - is dynamic (forever
• our ‘self-image’ changing)
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers
Real Self vs Ideal Self:
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Rogers argued that for an individual to ‘grow’ – for their


perceived self (self-image or self-concept or self-worth or self-
esteem) to develop – an environment was needed so that an
individual:
• felt they were regarded positively by others
• felt valued, respected, was treated affectionately and loved
• had positive regard – ie how other people evaluate or judge
us in social interaction
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Rogers made a distinction between:

unconditional positive regard:


• where significant others accept and love the individual for
who he or she is

• positive regard not withdrawn if the person does something


wrong or makes a mistake

• consequently person feels free, and safe, to try things out


and make mistakes
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

conditional positive regard:

• where positive regard, such as praise and approval, depend


upon, for example, a child behaving in ways that the parents
think correct

• so the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on
condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the
parent(s)

• an extreme example could be that a person who constantly


seeks approval from other people, was likely only to have
experienced conditional positive regard as a child
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

The closer our self-image (real self) and ideal-self are to


each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and
the higher our sense of self-worth

When there is a discrepancy between self-image (real self)


and the ideal self there is incongruence – may use defence
mechanisms
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Congruence
• Unconditional positive regard- The self
that s/he really is.

• No incongruence between the ideal self


and real self – consistency.

• Healthy sense of self-worth, recognising


own abilities and difficulties
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers
Incongruence
• Children who receive negative regard-
criticism and blame

• Gap between the ideal self and the


actual self, - greater the incongruence

• Use defence mechanisms - block,


deny or distort incongruence

• Develop low self-esteem,


maladjustment, anxiety

• Prevent the self from growing and


changing.
Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers

Rogers’ Therapy

Client Centred Therapy (CCT):

• proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more


optimistic than that carried out by behaviourists
or psychodynamic psychologists.

• clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to


focus on their current subjective understanding rather than
on some unconscious motive or someone else's
interpretation of the situation.
Humanistic Approach – Abraham Maslow

Maslow wanted to understand what motivated people. Unlike


the behaviourists and psychoanalysts, he believed that people
possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or
unconscious desires.

He argued that people are wanting/needing beings.

As such we always want more, and what we want depends on


what we already have.

Maslow suggested human needs can be arranged into a series


of levels, a hierarchy of importance.
Humanistic Approach – Abraham Maslow
Maslow suggested human needs can be arranged into a
series of 5 levels, a hierarchy of importance:
Humanistic Approach – Abraham Maslow
Maslow stated that:

• Each need must be satisfied before we can move onto the


next need.

• Children develop through the lower level needs first, before


moving onto the higher level needs, as they grow and mature
into adults.

• Individuals naturally move towards developing healthy


personalities, unless external factors block this.
Humanistic Approach – Abraham Maslow

The five stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and
growth needs.
The first four levels are often referred to as ‘deficiency’ needs
and the top level is known as a ‘growth’, or ‘being’, need.
If a need is acquired then an individual ceases to be
motivated by them.
If a need is not acquired , then an individual may be
considered deficient.
Deficiency needs motivate when they are unmet.
The need to fulfil such needs becomes stronger the longer
they are denied eg the longer a person goes without food the
more hungry they will become.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Humanistic Approach – Abraham Maslow

Try this later:

Are you self-actualised? Try this link to personality test

Personality Test

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