Data Communication

(22322)
Prepared by
Ms. Khan Sameera
I/c IF HOD
M.H.Saboo Siddik Polytechnic.
 Syllabus
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication (14M).

Chapter 2: Transmission Media (14M).

Chapter 3: Multiplexing & Switching(16M).

Chapter 4: Error Detection & Correction(16M).

Chapter 5: Wireless Communication(10M).

Book
Data Communications and Networking by

Forouzan Behrouz A.
Suggested Specification Table for
Question Paper Design
 Data Communication &
Networking
• Data : Information
• Communication : Sharing of
Information
• Networking : Connection
Data
Communication
Network

Fig 1: A simple Communication Network

 Chapter 1

Introduction to Data
Communication
Data Communication
 Data Communications is the
exchange of data between two
devices via some form of
transmission medium such as wire
cable.
Network

Fig 1: A simple Communication Network

Fundamental Characteristics of Data
Communication
• Delivery : The system must deliver data to the correct
destination.
• Accuracy : The system must deliver data accurately
• Timeliness : The system should transfer data within
time.
• Jitter : It refers to the variation in the packets arrival
time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of

packet.
Components of Data Communication /

Process of Data Communication & its

Components
Five Components of Data Communication

Fig 1: Five Components of Data Communication

1. Message - It is the information to be communicated.

2. Sender - It is the device which sends the data messages. It can be a

computer, workstation, mobile no., telephone etc.

3. Receiver - It is the device which receives the data messages. It can

be a computer, workstation, telephone, monitor etc.

4. Transmission Medium - It is the physical path by which a

message travels from sender to receiver.
Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,
Optical Fibre Cable, radio waves, micro waves , Satellite

communication.
Modes of Communication /
Direction of Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be

 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
1. Simplex
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional.

Fig 2: Simplex

Eg: TV broadcasting, key board, monitor etc

2. Half-Duplex
In this mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time.

Fig 3: Half-duplex

Eg: Blue tooth , Walkie-Talkies

3. Full-Duplex
In full duplex mode(also called Duplex), both stations
can transmit and receive simultaneously.

Fig 4: Full-duplex

Eg: Telephone , mobile phone

Protocols and
Standards
Protocols
A Protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications.
A Protocol defines
• what is communicated
• how it is communicated
• when it communicated
The key elements of a protocol are

 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing
a) Syntax
Structure or format of the data.
. Eg. A simple protocol;

Sender Receiver Data

address address

8 bits 8 bits 48 bits

64 bits
b) Semantics
Semantics refers to the meaning of each
section of bits.
Eg: ASCII - 7bits
‘A’ - 1000001
c) Timing
refers to two characteristics:
When data should be sent

 How fast they can be sent

 Standards
Data Communication Standard fall into two categories:
De facto : - Standard that have not been approved by
an organized body.
-By Convention or by fact.
 De jure : -Standard that have been approved by
an organized body.
- By laws or by Government.
Standards Organization
International Standards Organization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Also known as International Telecommunications Union
Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)
Two popular standards developed by ITU-T are:
 V series – transmission over phone lines
 X series – transmission over public digital networks, email and

directory services and ISDN.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Signal
Signal is electric, electronic or optical
representation of data which can be send over a
communication media.

Types of Signal
• Analog Signal
• Digital Signal
1) Analog Signal
It has continuous (infinite no. of) values over a
periodic of time.
Types of Analog Signal

• Periodic Signal
• A-Periodic Signal
a) Periodic Signal
A Signal which repeat it self after a fixed time is
called ‘Periodic Signal’.
 Equation: x(t)= x(t + T0)
b) A-Periodic Signal
It is also know as ‘Non Periodic Signal’.
A Signal which does not repeat it self after a
fixed time is know as ‘A-Periodic Signal’.
 Equation: x(t) = x(t + T0)
x(t)= e -xt
 Comparison between
Periodic Signal and A-Periodic
Signal
2) Digital Signal
It can have only a limited numbers of defined
values such as 0’s and 1’s.
 Comparison between
Analog Signal and Digital Signal
Cont. Digital Signal

 Bit Intervals
 Bit Rate
 Baud Rate
 Bandwidth
Example
Example
A digital Signal has a bit rate of 4000bps calculate it’s time
required.

Solution:
Bit Interval = 1 / Bit Rate
= 1 / 4000
= 0.00025
= 250 us
 Baud rate
• Baud rate is the rate at which the number of signal elements or changes to
the signal occurs per second when it passes through a transmission
medium.
• How many times signal changes per sec.

• Baud rate is less than or equal to bit rate.

• Baud rate = Bit rate_________

No. of bits per signal unit
OR S= N / r
Here, N is Bit rate
S is the Baud rate ,
Baud rate = number of signal elements
total time (in seconds)
Example
The bit rate of a Signal is 3000 bps if each signal unit carry 6 bit per sec(bps).
What is the Baud rate?

Solution:
Given: Bit rate = 3000 bps
Signal Unit = 6
Baud rate = ?

Baud rate = Bit rate_________

No. of bits per signal unit

= 3000 / 6

Baud rate = 500 baud / sec

 Bandwidth
• The range of frequency that a medium can pass it called
its bandwidth.
• The bandwidth is a property of a medium, it is the
difference between the highest and the lowest
frequencies that a medium can pass.
• BW = f2 – f1 or

• BW = fh - fl
Example
The voice signal frequencies are 300 Hz to 3400Hz , calculate
it’s bandwidth.

Solution:
BW = f2 – f1
= 3400Hz – 300Hz
= 3100Hz
Example
Calculate the following frequencies bandwidth.

Audio Signal 20-15000HZ

TV 0-5MHZ
Solution:
BW = f2 – f1
= 15000Hz – 20Hz
= 14,980Hz

Solution:
BW = f2 – f1
= 5MHz – 0Hz
= 5MHz
Analog and Digital
Transmission
 Data transmission is a physical transfer of data using
transmission medium.
 Different types of Transmission Medium are
1) Guided Medium (Wire Medium)
- Co-axail Cable
- Twisted Pair Cable
- Optical Fiber Cable
2) Unguided Medium (Wireless Medium)
- Radio Wave
- Microwave
- Infrared
Analog Transmission
It is a transmission of Voice , data , image signal or video
information using Continuous Signal.
 Example : Telephone System

Digital Transmission
It is a transmission of Voice , data , image signal or video
information using Discrete signal.
 Example : Internet
Digital to Analog
Conversion
 When data from one computer is sent to another via some
analog carrier , it is first converted into Analog Signals.
 Analog signals are modified to reflect digital signal.
 An analog signal is characterized by its
Amplitude
Frequency and
Phase.
 There are three kinds of digital to analog conversions are

- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
1) Amplitude Shift Keying
In this conversion technique, the Amplitude of Analog carrier
signal is modified to reflect binary data.

 When binary data represents digital 1, the amplitude is

held otherwise it is set to 0.

 Both frequency and phase remain same as in the original

carrier signal.
Two binary values of digital data(i.e 0 & 1) are
represented by two different amplitude of the carrier
frequency i.e

data bit 1- represented by present of carrier and

data bit 0 - represented by absent of carrier.
2) Frequency Shift Keying
In this conversion technique, the Frequency of Analog carrier
signal is modified to reflect binary data.

 FSK technique uses two frequencies, f1 and f2.

 f1 is chosen to represent binary digit 1 and other one is
used to represent binary digit 0.

 Both amplitude and phase remain same as in the original

carrier signal.
Two binary values of digital data(i.e 0 & 1) are
represented by two different frequencies of the carrier
signal i.e

data bit 1- represented carrier frequency f1

data bit 0 - represented carrier frequency f0.
Draw a BFSK waveform to represent the following bit stream
0 1 1 0 1 0. (4M)
3) Phase Shift Keying
In this conversion technique, the Phase of the original carrier
signal is altered to reflect the binary data.

 When a new binary symbol is encountered , the Phase of

the signal is altered.

 Both amplitude and frequency remain same as in the original

carrier signal.
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital to analog modulation scheme

based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier signal.

PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary digits

zero (0) and one (1).

The modulation of PSK is done using a balance modulator, which

multiplies the two signals applied at the input. For a zero binary input,
the phase will be 180° and for a high input, the phase reversal is of 0°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of PSK Modulated

output wave along with its given input.

 The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct
input carrier or the inverted (180° phase shifted) input
carrier, which is a function of the data signal.
Amplitude and frequency of the original carrier signal is
kept constant.
Comparison between
ASK , FSK and PSK
Sr. Parameters Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying
No.
1. Definition In this conversion technique, In this conversion In this conversion technique, the
the Amplitude of Analog technique, the Frequency of Phase of the original carrier signal
carrier signal is modified to Analog carrier signal is is altered to reflect the binary data.
reflect binary data. modified to reflect binary
data.
2. Variable Amplitude Frequency Phase
parameter of
carrier
3. Bandwidth fb 2fb 2fb

4. Circuit Simple Moderate Very Complex

Complexity
5. Noise immunity Less More More

6. Error Probability High Low Low

7. Performance in Poor Better than ASK Better than FSK

presence of noise

8. Bit Rate Up to 100bps Up to 1200bps High bit rate

9. Application  Radio Broadcasting  Modem  used in data communication

10. Waveform
 Solution : For baud rate (S), we know that the formula is:
Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation: (4M)
(i) 5000 bps, ASK (ii) 4000 bps, FSK

Baud rate = Bit rate_________

No. of bits per signal unit

S=N/r.
OR
Here, N is Bit rate, S is the Baud rate , r = number of bits in signal elements
So, at first we need to calculate r for each case.
We know, r = log2L.

i)For ASK, r = log2 2= 1

S=5000 bps/1
S =5000 baud / sec

ii) For FSK, r = log2 2= 1

S=4000bps/1
 Solution : For baud rate (S), we know that the formula is:
Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation: (4M)
(i) 4000 bps, FSK (ii) 6000 bps, ASK

Baud rate = Bit rate_________

No. of bits per signal unit

S=N/r.
OR
Here, N is Bit rate, S is the Baud rate , r = number of bits in signal elements
So, at first we need to calculate r for each case.
We know, r = log2L.

i)For FSK, r = log2 2= 1

S=4000 bps/1
S =4000 baud / sec

ii) For ASK, r = log2 2= 1

S=6000bps/1
A signal carries five bits in each signal element. If 1600 signal
elements are sent per second, find the baud rate and bit rate in
kbps.

Solution: The formula of Baud rate is

Baud rate = Bit rate_________

No. of bits per signal unit

OR S=N/r
In this case 1600 signal elements are sent per second. So baud
rate is 1600.
Now S=1600,r=5 and N is unknown.
1600= Bit rate / 5
So Bit Rate = 1600*5=8000 bps or 8 kbps.
Analog to Digital
Conversion
What is Modulation
Modulation is the process of encoding information in a
transmitted signal, while Demodulation is the process of
extracting information from the transmitted signal.

It is a process of transmission of information signal

(low frequency) using a high frequency carrier signal.
Carrier Signal
A carrier wave is made up of constant frequency, slightly
similar to a sine wave. It does not carry much information
that we can relate to data or speech.
There are three kinds of Analog to Digital conversions are

- Amplitude Modulation (AM)

- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Phase Modulation (PM)
1) Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the
height of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the
height of the message signal.

• In Amplitude Modulation, only the amplitude of the carrier

wave is changed while the frequency and phase of the carrier
wave remain constant.

• Applications:
Radio Broadcasting
TV Broadcasting
2) Frequency Modulation
• Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the information
(message signal) is transmitted over a carrier wave by varying its
frequency in accordance with the amplitude of the message signal.

• In Frequency Modulation, only the frequency of the carrier wave is

changed while the amplitude and phase of the carrier wave remain
constant.

• Applications:
FM radio Broadcasting
TV Broadcasting
Point to point communication
In FSK, frequency of sinusoidal carrier is shifted between
two discrete values. One of these frequencies (f1)
represents a binary 1 and other value (f2) represents
binary 0.There is no change in amplitude of carrier.

Corresponding to "binary 0 "input, the VCO produces a

sine wave of frequency f0 whereas corresponding to
binary 1 input VCO produces a sine wave of frequency f1.
3) Phase Modulation
• Phase Modulation is a type of modulation in which the total
phase angle of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with
the amplitude of the message signal.

• In Phase Modulation, only the phase of the carrier wave is

changed while the amplitude and frequency of the carrier
wave remain constant.

• Applications:
used in data communication
Sr. Parameters Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation
No.
1. Definition Amplitude modulation is a type of Frequency modulation is a type of Phase Modulation is a type of
modulation where the height of the modulation where the information modulation in which the total phase
carrier signal is changed in (message signal) is transmitted over a angle of the carrier signal is varied
accordance with the height of the carrier wave by varying its frequency in in accordance with the amplitude of
message signal. accordance with the amplitude of the the message signal.
message signal.

2. Variable parameter Amplitude Frequency Phase

of carrier

3. Information is Changes in Amplitude Changes in frequency Changes in Phase

carried through

4. Noise immunity Very poor Excellent Moderate

5. Design Simple Complex Complex

Complexity
6. Signal to noise Poor Excellent Moderate
ratio
7. Modulation Index modulation index is always between mf = / fm mp = /f fm
‘0’ and ‘1’

8. Bandwidth BW = 2 fm BW= 2 [ + fm (max) ] Infinite bandwidth (non linear

Modulation)
9. Application  Radio Broadcasting  FM radio Broadcasting  used in data communication
 TV Broadcasting  TV Broadcasting
 Point to point communication

10. waveform
MSBTE Questions of
Chapter 1
Winter - 18
1) Enlist four standard organizations.(2M)
2) Compare amplitude modulation and frequency modulation
(4 points). (4M)

3) Explain process of phase shift keying. (4M)

4) Draw a BFSK waveform to represent the following bit stream
0 1 1 0 1 0. (4M)
5) Explain the following concept with neat diagram : (4M)
i) Bit Rate ii) Baud Rate
Summer - 19
1) Define Protocol. State key elements of Protocol. (2M)

2) Explain the process of FSK modulation with diagram. (4M)

3) Explain any four standard organizations. (4M)

4) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation
: (4M)
(i) 5000 bps, ASK (ii) 4000 bps, FSK

5) A signal carries five bits in each signal element. If 1600 signal

elements are sent per second, find the baud rate and bit rate in kbps.
(4M)
Winter - 19
1) Define Protocol. Why it is needed ? (2M)

2) Compare analog signal and digital signal. (any four points)

(4M)

3) Explain half duplex system and full duplex system with

diagram.(4M)
4) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of
modulation :
(i) 4000 bps, FSK (ii) 6000 bps, ASK
5) Draw and explain PSK with waveforms. (4M)
Winter - 22
1) Define Protocol.(2M)

2) Explain the process of amplitude shift keying. (4M)

3) Explain the modes of communication with examples. (4M)

4) Draw a BPSK waveform to represent the following bit

stream 10110.

5) Explain the frequency modulation process with diagram.

(4M)
Summer - 22
1) Enlist components of data communication system. (2M)
2) Explain the process of amplitude shift keying modulation
with suitable block diagram and waveforms.(4M)
3) Define the terms amplitude, time period, frequency & phase
with reference to sinusoidal wave.(4M)
4) (a) Compare AM & FM on the basis of following
parameters :
(i) Definition (ii) Modulation index (iii) Noise immunity (iv)
Bandwidth