Measurements Of

Angles
 Measurements of angles

The main definition of surveying is to determining the

locations of points on near or above surface of the earth.

 determine location of points depends frequently on

orientation of line (direction), distance and angles

measurements.
 Basic Components of an Angle

A
1.reference or starting line (A)
B

2.direction of turn (B) C

A
B
3.angular value (C) usually

in DMS C
 Measuring Angles
B
C
90 0
1130
00

00
27
18
00
 Types of Angles

 There are generally two types of angles i,e vertical

&horizontal angle

 When angle is measured in horizontal plane it is horizontal

angle

 when measured in a vertical plane it is vertical angle.

Types of horizontal Measured Angles
1) Interior angles are measured clockwise or counter-
clockwise between two adjacent lines on the inside of a
closed polygon.
2)Exterior angles are measured clockwise or counter-
clockwise between two adjacent lines on the outside of a
closed polygon.
3)Deflection angles, are measured from an extension of the
preceding course and the ahead line. It must be noted when
the deflection is right (R) or left (L).
4)Angles to the right are turned from the back line in a
clockwise or right hand direction to the ahead line.
5)Angles to the left are turned from the back line in a
counter-clockwise or left hand direction to the ahead line.
 Direction of line
 Direction of a line is reference line that horizontal angle
measured from. Defined by a line on the mean surface of
the earth joining the north and south poles an arbitrarily
chosen reference line called a meridian/north pole
 There are four basic types of reference North/meridians
which are used for specifying a direction
Astronomic north
Magnetic north
Grid North-
Arbitrary North
 Astronomic north
 It also called True meridian determined by
astronomical observations (as determined by the
stars).
 This meridian is very close to geodetic, and
sometimes two have been used interchangeably.
 The directions of line referred to the true meridian
remain unchanged regardless of time.
 The lines of most extensive surveys and usually the
lines marking the boundaries of landed property are
referred to the true meridian.
 It is the direction of line passing through the
geographic north and south poles into the
observer’s position.
Magnetic north. It is the direction of a horizontal plane shown
by a freely suspended magnetic needle.
 It will be measured by compass.
angle measured from magnetic north.
Since magnetic fields fluctuate over time, this meridian is
time-dependent.
Arbitrary North - angle measured from a meridian assumed
by the user
Grid North- A line through a point parallel to Y–axis of
rectangular coordinate system on the map.
 angle measured from grid (map) north.
 This angle is dependent on the map-projection.
 Directions of angle
Directions angle means horizontal angles which measure
from reference direction of line to any other point.
In surveying, directions of angle are given by azimuths and
bearings.

Bearing
Azimut
h
 Azimuths
Azimuths - horizontal angles measured only
clockwise from a reference meridian.
Azimuths are usually measured from the north
end of the meridian
Every line has two azimuths (forward and back)
and their values differ by 180°.
Its range is [0°,360°]
In Azimuth the direction will not mentioned
 Azimuth sometime called Whole Circle Bearing
Range of Azimuth in different quadrants
In I Quadrant
Azimuth between 00 - 900
In II Quadrant
Azimuth is between 900 - 1800
In III- Quadrant
Azimuth is between 1800 -2700
In IV quadrant
Azimuth is between
2700 - 3600
Example 1

Azimuth AB = 66°40‘
Azimuth AC = 124°28'
Azimuth AD = 224°21'
Azimuth AE = 322°26'
 Exercise 1

3300321 470331 What are azimuth of

4411 5911 Azimuth AB =
Azimuth AC =
Azimuth AF =
1350301 Azimuth AE =
4611
2200131
 Back azimuth
The back azimuth is the reverse of forward azimuth.
Back azimuth of AB = Azimuth of BA
The angular difference b/n forward and backward azimuth
is equal to 1800

If a forward azimuth is less than 180 0, Backward azimuth =

forward Az + 1800
If a forward azimuth is greater than 180 0 ,Backward

azimuth = foreword azimuth -1800

Example Azimuth BC 182029’15 find Back Azimuth of BC

Since 1800 < Az BC< 2700

Back azimuth of line BC=

182029’15-1800

= 2029’15’’
Exercise
The forward azimuth of line AB is 50o30,20,,
what is back azimuth of AB or azimuth of BA ?
 Bearing
Bearing is horizontal angles measured with reference

to north or south direction.

- Bearing can be measured clockwise or anticlockwise.

The range of bearing is (00 - 900) .

bearings are measured in relation to the north or south

end of the meridian -NE, NW, SE, or SW

Letter at start and end defines the quadrant Angular value

measured from N-S line

 A bearing has three parts:
Prefix - N or S indicating which end of the meridian is turned
from.
 Angle
 Suffix - E or W indicating turning direction from the
meridian to the line.
 Example N 66°40' E - from the North end of the

meridian, turn 66°40' to the East.

 Format of bearing

Bearing in the I - quadrant is

N <angular Value> E

Bearing in the II – quadrant is

S < angular Value > E

Bearing in the III- quadrant is

S <angular Value>W

Bearing in the IV- quadrant is

N <angular Value> W
Examples Bearing in different quadrant
Example

Bearing AB = N 66°40' E
Bearing AC = S 55°32' E
Bearing AD = S 44°21'
W
Bearing AE = N 37o34, W
 Back bearing
Back bearing is a reverse forward bearing bearing.
The angle value remain same but the direction reverse
For example Forward bearing of line AB is N 60 E 0

Backward bearing of AB is = bearing BA = S 60 W0

Relationship between Azimuth and
Bearing
Quiz 10%

For example if coordinates of D (200 ,600) and E

(450 .2,155.3) calculate the bearing and Azimuth of line
ED ?

solution
1 Draw Parallel lines through E and D Parallel to the X-and Y-
axis.
2. Calculate ΔX and ΔY
ΔX DE = XE –XD = 450 .2 -200 = 250.2
Δy DE = YE-YD = 155.3-600 = -444.7
Since ΔY = - ve and ΔX = +ve the line lies in the II quadrant
3. tan Θ = ΔX /ΔY Θ = tan -1 [250.2/444.7] = Θ = 29021’48’’
Since it lines in II quadrant, bearing will be measured from
south direction
 Therefore Bearing DE = S 29021’48’’E
Relationship between Azimuth and Bearing in II quadrant
Azimuth = 1800 -Bearing
 Azimuth of DE = 1800 -Bearing of DE
= 1800 -290 21’48’’ = 150038’12’’
 COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL ‘OPTO-MECHANICAL’ THEODOLITE

Vertical Circle
Micrometer for
Circle Readings Objective of
E
PLUNG Telescope
Fine Vertical
HORIZONTAL AXIS Adjustment for
LINE OF Telescope
SIGHT Alignment
Optical Switch for TURN (Tangent Screw)
Horizontal/ Vertical
Circle Readings Standard
Fine Horizontal Precise Hor. Bubble
Adjustment for Telescope (Plate Bubble)
Alignment (Tangent Horizontal Circle
Screw) Adjustment
For Orientation
Horizontal circle (Orientation Driver)
housing
Vertical Axis

Eye piece of
of Rotation

Tribrach (detachable)
optical plummet
Foot Screw
Circular Bubble
 Angle measuring instrument
Angles are measured by surveying instrument such as Total
station, Theodolite,Transit,Compass and By tape indirect
measurement
A theodolite is a
precision instrument for
measuring angles in the
horizontal and vertical
planes
may be classified as
1.Optical theodolite
2.Digital theodolite
 Temporary adjustment of Theodolite for measurement
1. Setting up Initially the tripod is set up at a convenient
height and the instrument is approximately leveled.
2. Centering It is place up the vertical axis exactly over the
station It is done by means of a foot screw
3. Leveling up The circular bubble is then accurately leveled
with the help of tripod and The cylindrical bubble of the
instrument fairly leveled by using triped screws to level the
cylindrical bubble.
4. Focusing This done in two steps, the first step is focusing
the eye piece. This is done by turning either in or out until
the crosshairs are sharp and distinct.The next step is
focusing the object. This is done by means of the focusing
screw where by the image of the staff is brought to the
plane of the crosshairs.
Thank you
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