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ESC - Module 3

The document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines, detailing their components, classifications, and applications in vehicles and machinery. It also explores future mobility through electric and hybrid vehicles, highlighting their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Key insights include the transition from traditional IC engines to more sustainable electric and hybrid options, emphasizing the need for advancements in technology and infrastructure.

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Pradeepa H
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10 views32 pages

ESC - Module 3

The document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines, detailing their components, classifications, and applications in vehicles and machinery. It also explores future mobility through electric and hybrid vehicles, highlighting their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Key insights include the transition from traditional IC engines to more sustainable electric and hybrid options, emphasizing the need for advancements in technology and infrastructure.

Uploaded by

Pradeepa H
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-3

Introduction to IC Engines:
Components and Working Principles, 4-Strokes Petrol and Diesel
Engines, Application of IC Engines.

Insight into Future Mobility:


Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Components of Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles. Advantages and disadvantages of EVs and Hybrid vehicles.
Introduction to IC Engines
• It is a device or machine that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
into heat energy by combustion of fuel and utilizes this heat energy to
perform useful mechanical work.

• Combustion of fuel can take place either inside or outside the engine,
based on this the engines are classified into
• Internal combustion engine - Petrol Engine, Diesel Engine
• External combustion engine - steam engines, steam turbines.
Classification of IC Engine
i) According to number of cylinders
a) Single cylinder engine b) Multi cylinder engine: 2, 3,4,6,8 cylinder

ii) According to type of fuel used


b) Petrol Engine b) Diesel Engine c) Gas Engine d) Bio-fuel Engine

iii) According to method of ignition


c) Spark Ignition (SI) engine b) Compression Ignition (CI) engine

iv) According to number of stroke


d) Two stroke engine b) Four stroke engine

v) According to cycle of combustion


a) Otto cycle engine b) Diesel cycle Engine c) Dual Combustion cycle engine
vi) According to arrangement of cylinders
a) Inline Engine b) V-type engine c) Opposed type engine d) Radial Engine

vii) According to method cooling


b) Air cooled engine b) Water cooled engine

viii) According to use


a) Stationary engine b) Automobile engine c) Marine engine d) Aircraft
engine
Components of IC Engine
• Cylinder:
heart of an I C Engine
Cylindrical shaped component in which combustion of fuel takes place.
gray cast iron or steel alloys
Piston:

Close fitting hollow cylindrical


plunger reciprocating inside the
engine cylinder.

The power developed by the


combustion of the fuel is
transmitted by the piston to the
crankshaft through the connecting
rod
• Piston Rings:

• Compression rings:
These rings are press hard with the cylinder walls
maintaining a tight seal between the piston and the
cylinder.

This is required to prevent the high-pressure gasses from


escaping into the crankcase.

• Oil ring:

The function of oil ring is to extract the excess lubricating


oil from the cylinder walls and send it back to the oil sump
through the holes provided on the piston.
Connecting Rod:
It connects the piston and the crankshaft.
It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the
crankshaft.
• Crank: The crank is a lever, with one of its end connected to the lower end of
the connecting rod, while the other end connected to the crankshaft.

• Crankshaft: The function of the crankshaft is to transform reciprocating


motion into rotary motion. The crankshaft transmits the power developed by
the engine through the flywheel, clutch, transmission and differential to drive
(move) the vehicle. The crankshafts are made of carbon steel.
• Crankcase: lower part of the cylinder block
that encloses the crankshaft and provides a
reservoir for the lubricating oil.

• Valves: which controls the flow of the intake


and the exhaust gases to and from the engine
cylinder.

• Flywheel: It is a heavy wheel mounted on the


crankshaft of the engine to maintain uniform
rotation of the crankshaft.
Four Stoke Diesel Engine
Application of IC Engines
• IC engines are used in Road vehicles like scooters, motorcycles, cars,
buses etc.
• It is also used in Aircraft.
• IC engine is commonly used in Motorboats.
• IC engine has great application in small machines, such as
lawnmowers, chainsaws, and portable engine-generators.
INSIGHT INTO FUTURE MOBILITY
Electric vehicles

• Traction Battery Pack - electrical energy storage system in the form of


direct-current electricity (DC).
Components of Electric Vehicles

• DC/DC Converter - higher-voltage DC power - lower-voltage - vehicle accessories and


recharge the auxiliary battery
• Power Electronics Controller - flow of electrical energy –speed /torque
• Charge Port
• Electric Traction Motor- motor generators that perform both the drive and
regeneration functions.
• Onboard Charger - AC electricity - charge port and converts it to DC power for
charging the traction battery.
• Thermal System (Cooling) - operating temperature range of the engine, electric
motor, power electronics, and other components.
• Transmission (Electric) - mechanical power from the electric traction motor to drive
the wheels.
Advantages of EVs

• No Petrol/Diesel Required
• More Convenient
• No Emissions, Low Maintenance
• Reduced Noise Pollution
• Easy Driving
Disadvantages of EVs

• Limited Recharge Points


• The Initial Investment is high
• Short Driving Range and Speed
• Longer Recharge Time
• Normally 2 Seaters
• Battery Replacement cost is high
HYBRID VEHICLES
• Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and an
electric motor, which uses energy stored in batteries.

• A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the
battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion
engine.

• The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for a smaller
engine.

• The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when stopped.

Together, these features result in better fuel economy without sacrificing


performance.
Components

• Battery (auxiliary)
low-voltage auxiliary battery - start the car - vehicle accessories
• DC/DC converter
higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power
• Electric generator
traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels
• Electric traction motor
exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out
• Exhaust system
• Fuel tank (gasoline)
• Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited)
• Power electronics controller
flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the
electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Traction battery pack
• Thermal system (cooling)
maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power
electronics, and other components.
• Transmission
transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric traction motor to drive the
wheels
Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles
• Environmentally Friendly
• Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels
• Regenerative Braking System
• Assistance From Electric Motor
• Smaller Engines
Disadvantages of Hybrid Vehicles
• Less Power
• Can be Expensive
• Higher Maintenance Costs
• Battery Replacement is costly
• Battery Disposal and Recycling

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