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Climate

The document discusses climate change, its causes, and effects on the environment, plants, and animals, emphasizing the role of human activity in increasing greenhouse gas emissions. It explains climatic phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña, their impacts on weather patterns, and how factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to water bodies influence climate. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these concepts for addressing climate-related issues.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views63 pages

Climate

The document discusses climate change, its causes, and effects on the environment, plants, and animals, emphasizing the role of human activity in increasing greenhouse gas emissions. It explains climatic phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña, their impacts on weather patterns, and how factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to water bodies influence climate. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these concepts for addressing climate-related issues.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE 9

WEEK 4

BY: SIR D.
LEARNING
COMPETENCY:
The learners should be able
to describe certain climatic
phenomena that occur on a
global level.
REVIEW:
Climate is the overall
atmospheric condition of a place
for period years or more. Climate
is influenced by latitude,
altitude, distance from bodies
of water, ocean currents, and
topography.
Below are some quotations from Barrack Obama,
the former president of USA and Greta Thunberg, a
well-known young climate change activist.
CLIMATE CHANGE:
Climate change describes a change
in the average conditions — such as
temperature and rainfall — in a region
over a long period of time. NASA
scientists have observed that the Earth’s
surface is getting warm, and many of the
warmest years on record have
happened in the past 20 years!
CLIMATE CHANGE:
Climate change is a global issue and
problem. You may not be aware of it, but
the evidences are just around us.
Leaders and climate change activists
around the globe have been very vocal
about this existing issue. You can voice
out your thoughts too! To share your
insights about climate change, do the
next activity.
ACTIVITY 1: “CLIMATE
CHANGE: WHO IS TO BE
BLAMED?”
CLIMATE CHANGE
States today, we have a warmer climate
and fewer glaciers
Earth’s climate has constantly been
changing — even long before humans came
into the picture. However, scientists have
observed unusual changes recently. For
example, Earth’s average temperature has
been increasing much more quickly than
they would expect over the past 150
years.
“Global warming” refers to the rise
in global temperatures due mainly to the
increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

“Climate change” refers to the


increasing changes in the measures of
climate over a long period of time.
CLIMATE
CLIMATE | SCIENCE 9 | FUN |SCHOOL

Scientific evidence paints a clear picture: climate


change is happening, it is caused in large part by
human activity, and it will have many serious and
potentially damaging effects in the decades ahead. The
primary cause is greenhouse gas emissions from
cars, power plants and other human-made sources—
rather than natural variations in climate. These emissions
include carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas —
which has reached a concentration level in our
atmosphere that the Earth has not seen for more than
400,000 years.
REMEMBER THAT:
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Too
much greenhouse gas makes Earth too warm.
Over the last century, humans have burned
coal, oil, and gasoline in our cars, trucks,
planes, trains, power plants, and factories.
Burning such fossil fuels produces CO2 as a
waste product. Putting so much new CO2 into
the air has made Earth warmer. If we continue on
our current path, we will cause even more warming.
Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, act
like a blanket, trapping heat near the surface and
raising the temperature. It is a natural process that
warms the planet. But human activities are
increasing the amount of greenhouse gases and
trapping more heat!
Up until about 150 years ago,
human activity did not produce many
greenhouse gases. That changed as
forests were cleared to make way
for cities and farms, and as
important inventions and industrial
innovations, like the widespread use
of electricity and cars, transformed
the way we live.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere.

Today in the United States, electricity and


transportation (cars, trucks and planes) are
responsible for almost 60 percent of carbon
dioxide emissions. The rest comes from
agriculture, industry – such as factories that
make products we use – and from energy we
use in our homes and businesses.
The greenhouse effect refers to the
retention of heat in the atmosphere by
greenhouse gases, including water vapor,
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous
oxide. Due to increasing levels of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
partially as a result of human industrial
activity, progressively more heat is being
trapped, resulting in a phenomenon
commonly referred to as global warming.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change can have impacts on plants,
animals and environment. Impacts on plants may include
some species of plants that bloom earlier than it is
expected, loss of species and habitat degradation.
Whereas animals may experience habitat degradation,
earlier laying of eggs and migration than usual among
birds and may affect hibernation of some animals.
Rising sea level, melting of ice caps, heavy rainfalls,
and cooler wind from Hanging Amihan are effects of
climate change to environment.
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

El Niño is an abnormal and lengthy warming


in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. This
natural phenomenon occurs at irregular intervals
of two to seven years(2-7 years) and lasts for
nine months or two years at most(9 to 2 years).
Usually, it starts at the end of the year or during
the Christmas season that is why; it is termed as
El Niño which means ”Christ child”.
TWO CYCLICAL
EVENTS: EL
NIÑO
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

Normally, as trade wind moves from east to west, it collects


warm air. But when trade wind is weakened, it causes the
piling up of warm surface water and making the part of the
Pacific Ocean warmer leading to El Niño phenomenon. This
happens when the upwelling of colder water is blocked
by the large quantities of warm surface water. El Niño will
most likely bring severe drought. It is believed that it causes
stronger thunderstorm disturbance and massive storms.
It also causes the decrease in the population of some
species.
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

La Niña is the opposite climatic disturbance to El Niño. It may


last for nine to twelve months but in some cases( 9 to 12 months),
it lasts for two years( 2 yrs.). This event is triggered by the cooling
of the eastern of Pacific Ocean. That is why, it is sometimes called
cold Pacific. Trade winds that move from east to west are
strengthened. Upwelling of colder water intensifies. Moving air
brings along too much water vapor. When it reaches the land mass
such as the Philippines, precipitation is experienced. There would
be an increase of rainfall in some areas in the Philippines. For
instance, areas that experienced severe drought which caused by El
Niño may encounter above normal rainfall. But in some cases, areas
that experience dry season will be drier than normal conditions.
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: LA NIÑA
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: LA NIÑA
TWO CYCLICAL EVENTS: LA NIÑA
ACTIVITY 2: WHAT DO YOU THINK?
A. Read the given statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming. Make your
decision whether you AGREE or DISAGREE with each statement. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

______1. Some greenhouse gases are naturally present in the


Earth’s atmosphere.

______2. All the radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth.

______3. Plants and animals are already changing their behavior


because of climate change.
______4. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be cold.
B. Read each statement and classify whether it describes La Niña or El
Niño. Write LN for La Niña and EN for El Niño. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

_____1. The episodes of ocean warming that affect the eastern tropical
Pacific.
_____2. A powerful climate change that occurs about every two to
seven years.
_____3. It can cause wild weather on the West Coast and strong winds
over the Pacific Ocean, violent typhoons, rainstorms, and floods.
_____4. It occurs when the ocean waters are cooler than normal.
____5. The episode when winds push from east to west resulting in
wetter weather in the Pacific region.
SUMMARY:
 The accumulated gases in the atmosphere are called
“greenhouse gases” while the increase in temperature is
known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a
natural phenomenon. It balances and regulates the world’s
temperature and makes life possible on earth.

 Global warming leads to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in


sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and
humans.
SUMMARY:
 Any long-term significant change in weather patterns such as
changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity is
called climate change.
 Climate change can have impacts on plants, animals, and
environment. Impacts on plants may include some species of
plants that bloom earlier than it is expected, loss of species
and habitat degradation.
Rising sea level, melting of ice caps, heavy rainfalls, and cooler
wind from Hanging Amihan are effects of climate change to
EVALUATION
TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Read the questions carefully.

TEST II. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH


THE CORRECT ANSWERS.
1
THE END
02 03
CLIMATE | HAPPY | FUN |SCHOOL
CLIMATE | HAPPY | FUN|SCHOOL

04 01
CLIMATE | HAPPY | FUN |SCHOOL CLIMATE| HAPPY | FUN|SCHOOL
.
-
As seen in the figure, the tilt of the earths on its axis is 23.5
degrees. Due to the tilting or the earth’s axis and the shape of
the earth, places near the equator receives most of the sun’s
rays (they receive more heat making the air temperature
higher) and the amount of heat received by places far from the
equator become less (coldest places on Earth are found the
near poles because they receive less amount of sun’s rays)

When the area is farther from equator, the air


temperature
- is lower resulting in a cold climate. When the
place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher
which results in a warmer climate.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CLIMATES
a.Tropical climate occurs in places where sunlight hits the
earth most directly. The rays of the sun strike the earth at
about 90 angle relative to the horizon at noon time. These rays
lose the least energy to the atmosphere, and thus, transfer the
most amount of heat to earth. Tropical places are those
countries- located in the equator, extending up to 23.50 North
latitude. This includes both the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic
of Capricorn.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CLIMATES
b. Temperate climate occurs in places located in the
Temperate Zone, between 23.50 to 66.50 North
latitude, between 23.50 to 66.50 South latitude.
Countries located in these areas experience winter,
spring, summer, and winter fall. Because of the tilted
axis of the Earth, these countries receive more sunlight
-

during summer and less sunlight during winter.


DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CLIMATES
C. Polar climate occurs in the Polar Zones of the Earth,
located upward from 66.50 North latitude, and
downward from 66.50 South latitude. These regions are
always cold because they receive the least sunlight.
Energy coming from the sun strikes these places at low
angle,- so much of heat is lost to the atmosphere. The
solar energy that reaches these regions is then
reflected by the ice caps, contributing further to the
coldness.
Effect of LATITUDE to Climate

 As the latitude increases, the smaller the angle of


the sun’s rays that strike the surface.
 The closer the area to the equator, the warmer
the climate.
 The farther the area to the equator, the colder the
-

climate.
LATITUDE

-
LATITUDE

-
Effect of ALTITUDE to Climate

 As altitude increases, the temperature decreases.


 For every 1,000 m elevation, there is a drop of 6.5⁰C
in temperature.
 There is less air in higher elevations. The air
molecules
- are farther apart making them
less dense and lighter air cannot absorb much
heat, making the air temperature lower.
Altitude- it refers to the elevation or height of
something or of a place above the sea level.

The higher the altitude, the lower is


the air temperature in that place, the
colder is the climate. The lower the
altitude, the higher is the air temperature,
-

resulting to a warmer a climate.


Effect of Surrounding Bodies of Water to Climate

 Places that are near the oceans have a moderate climate as


the body of water regulates the temperature.
 Places without a body of water nearby tend to have higher
temperature during the day.
 At night, soil cools down faster than water, so air temperature
above ground is lower than that above the sea.
 Places that
- are far from the bodies of water have extreme
climates as there are no immediate bodies of water that will
help to circulate the movement of cold and warm air.
Surrounding Bodies of Water.

Oceans can also affect the temperature of an area.


Oceans regulate the temperature of nearby lands. Water
in the ocean heats-up and cools-down more slowly than
the land does, due to its high-specific heat capacity –
the amount of heat required to increase the
temperature
- by 1 degree Celsius. Thus, winds from the
ocean prevent the coastal locations from reaching
extremely hot or cold temperatures.
Surrounding Bodies of Water.

During the day, the land heats up faster than the


water in the sea. The air above land will then become
warm ahead of the air above the sea. You know what
happens to warm air: it rises. So, the warmer air above
the land will rise. The air above the sea will then move in
to replace
- the rising warm air. Thus, the rise of
temperature on the land would be moderated. - a sea
breeze.
-
The land and sea will both cool down. But the
land will lose heat faster than the water in the sea.
In other words, the sea will stay warm longer. This
time the air above the sea will be warmer than
that above land. The warm air above the sea
will then rise. Air from land will move out to
replace the rising warm air. Thus, making the
-

temperature on land higher. This moving air or


wind from land is called a land breeze.
-
TOPOGRA
PHY
-LANDFORMS AND
FEATURES OF A LAND.
TOPOGRA
PHY
Topography is a part of geoscience
that studies the land and its shape
and features. It focuses on the study
of natural and artificial
characteristics of the land. The
topography of a region can greatly
affect the climate. One of the
topographic features of an area is
mountain. Mountainous areas
greatly affect the amount of
precipitation in a certain region.
Mountains can cause a physical barrier to
rain clouds.
TOPOGRA
PHY
TOPOGRA
PHY
Mountain ranges act as barriers to the flow of air across
the surface of the earth. There are 2 sides of a mountain;
windward and leeward side. The area in which the wind
blows is called the windward side. Here, the wind is blocked
by the mountain, forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the
water vapor condenses and forms clouds. This will result in
precipitation on the windward side. The air moves down
towards the opposite region called leeward side. The cold air
mass starts to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. As a
result, the area near the leeward side becomes dry and has
less precipitation. The dry region on the leeward side is
called rain shadow. Vegetation in this region includes
desert plants and grassland.
TOPOGRA
PHY
TOPOGRA
PHY Windward Side Leeward Side

Air Moist Air Dry Air

Temperature Cold Hot

Amount of Precipitation High Precipitation Low Precipitation

Vegetation More vegetation Less vegetation


OCEAN
CURRENTS
The ocean currents have
an important role in changing the climate
of a certain area. They affect the
temperature of the nearby land mass.
Warm currents that move from the
equator towards the poles carry
warm water. On the other hand, cold
currents that travel from the poles
towards the equator carry cold water.
OCEAN
CURRENTS
OCEAN
CURRENTS
For example, (see the picture above) the southwestern
parts of Singapore and Indonesia have lower temperature
because of the cold air brought by West Australian Current.
On the other hand, the ocean current that carries warm
water makes the air warmer. When this current goes toward
a land mass, the temperature of that place becomes higher.
For example, (see the picture above) the warm Kuroshio
Current that comes from the northeastern part of the
Philippines brings warm water. This raises the temperature
of places in the southeastern part of Japan. Therefore,
ocean currents that bring along cold water inland make the
climate cold. On the other hand, ocean currents that take
along warm water to coastal areas make the climate warm.
OCEAN
CURRENTS
Humboldt Current
The Humboldt Current is an ocean current that flows northwards
along the western coastline of South America and into the
Southeast Pacific Ocean.

The currents affect both people and marine life. First, upwelling
caused by these currents brings nutrients to the water surface.
These nutrients are usually instrumental in the growth of
phytoplankton, which is the primary source of food for most of
the animals in the marine ecosystem. Secondly, these currents
have been very useful in the fishing industry in South America.
The current results to approximately 19% of the total marine
fish caught worldwide.
Make your own environmental resolution! Make a pattern drawing of your
own two hands and write your 10 promises to mother earth to help lessen
the causes and effects of climate change in each finger of the hand.
SUMMARY
Topography- Mountainous areas greatly affect the
amount of precipitation in a certain region (windward
size and leeward side).

Ocean Currents- when ocean current carries cold


water, the air above it becomes colder. When this
moves towards a coastal region, the temperature of
the area becomes lower. Ocean currents carrying
warm water makes the air warmer. When these
currents go towards a land mass, the temperature of
that place becomes higher.
ACTIVITY:
Photo Essay: Climate change is the
mother of some environmental problems.
Make a simple photo essay on the
possible fate of the world 100 years from
now. You are allowed to take the
optimistic (positive) or the pessimistic
(negative) side showing the consequences
that support your claim using concrete
bases (policies, practices, etc.)

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