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High R, Wave and Spectrum Analyzers

The document discusses the measurement of high resistance using various methods and instruments, including multimeters, function generators, and Q meters. It highlights the importance of high resistance measurements in electrical components and provides an overview of different types of multimeters, their features, and applications. Additionally, it covers wave analyzers and spectrum analyzers, detailing their functions and applications in analyzing electrical signals.

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Sneha Chaudhary
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7 views32 pages

High R, Wave and Spectrum Analyzers

The document discusses the measurement of high resistance using various methods and instruments, including multimeters, function generators, and Q meters. It highlights the importance of high resistance measurements in electrical components and provides an overview of different types of multimeters, their features, and applications. Additionally, it covers wave analyzers and spectrum analyzers, detailing their functions and applications in analyzing electrical signals.

Uploaded by

Sneha Chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Meas.

of high Resistance
Multimeters
Function Generator
Wave Analyzers
Spectrum Analyzer
Q Meter

Rahul Katiyar
Asst. Prof., Banasthali Vidyapith
Why meas. of high resistance is important ?
 Winding insulation of generators, electrical
machines and transformers.
 Insulation resistance of electrical components.
 Leakage resistance of capacitors
 Surface resistivity
 Volume resistivity of materials.
1. Loss of Charge Method
In loss of charge method, the voltage
across a capacitor of 0.4343 μF is 10 V and
it is decreased to 1 V in 2 minutes when
the switch is opened. Find the value of
unknown resistance ?
2. Megaohm Bridge Method
3. Direct Defection Method
4. Megger
Multimeters
• Multimeters are also called multitesters.
• Multimeters are used to measure voltage (DC/AC),
current (DC/AC),and resistance.
• Main types of multimeters are:
– Volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM) [Analog Multimeter]
– Digital multimeter (DMM)
Features of DMM: High accuracy, High input
impedance, Low loading error, Small size and
elimination of observational, parallax and
approximation errors.
Types of Multimeter
• Types of Meters
– Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM) [ ANALOG MULTIMETER]
• Uses a moving pointer and a printed scale to indicate values of
voltage, current, or resistance.
• Allows all three kinds of measurements on a single scale or readout.
• No power supply, suffer less from electric noise and isolation
problems.
• Simple, Portable and low cost and fair sensitivity of 20KΩ/V.
– Digital multimeter:
• Uses a numerical readout to indicate the measured value of
voltage, current or resistance.
• High Durability, Accuracy, Sensitivity, Resolution, Precision.
Analog Meter: Ammeter

Analog instruments use a moving coil meter movement.

Current flow in the coil moves the


pointer up- scale. Meter shunts
are low-value precision resistors
that are connected in parallel with
the meter movement in order to
increase the range of current.
Analog meter: Voltmeters
– A voltmeter is connected across two points to measure
their difference in potential.
– A multiplier resistor is a large resistance in series with a
moving-coil meter movement which allows the meter to
measure voltages in a circuit
– A dc voltmeter must be connected with the correct
polarity.
– Analog voltmeters are rated in terms of the ohms of
resistance required for 1 V of deflection. This value is
called the ohms-per-volt rating, or the sensitivity of the
voltmeter. It is determined by full scale current of meter
movement.
Analog Meters: Ohmmeters

• The ohmmeter is a great tool for checking the continuity


between two points.
• When checking for continuity, make sure the ohmmeter is
set on the lowest ohms range.
• If continuity exists between two points, the ohmmeter will
read a very low resistance such as zero ohms.
• If there is no continuity between two points, the ohmmeter
will read infinite ohms.
Digital Multimeters (DMMs)
• The digital multimeter has become a very popular test
instrument and easier to use.
• The digital value of the measurement is displayed automatically
with decimal point, polarity, and the unit for V, A, or Ω.
• They eliminate the human error that often occurs in reading
different scales on an analog meter with a pointer.
• They are also being used to measure temperature, frequency,
testing of diodes, true rms values, capacitance, conductance,
dB.
• Types: Panel Meter / Bench meter (system meter)
• They have auto ranging so that range selection is not required.
Normally 3 and half digit digital display is used.
Meter Applications

Voltmeter Milliammeter or Ohmmeter


Ammeter
Power on in circuit Power on in circuit Power off in circuit

Connect in parallel Connect in series Connect in parallel

High internal R Low internal R Has internal battery

Has internal series Has internal shunts; Higher battery voltage


multipliers; higher R for lower resistance for and more sensitive
higher ranges higher current ratings meter for higher ohms
ranges
Comparison b/n Analog MM vs Digital MM
Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter

• Low cost / Portability/ Do not • Durability/Portability/


require outside source of Accuracy/Precision/Resolution
supply. • Leaves no doubt about the
• Wrong scales might be used or measured quantity.
might be read incorrectly. • Indicates negative quantity
• Pointer attempts to deflects when terminal polarity is
left when terminal polarity is incorrect.
incorrect. • No damage
• Damaged when dropped from • Meas. of freq., capacitance,
bench levels.
conductance, dB, testing of
• No such measurements diodes and transistors, true
RMS values possible.
FUNCTION GENERATOR
Q-Meter Practical Circuit
Applications of Q meter

 Measurement of Effective Resistance


 Measurement of Inductance
 Measurement of Bandwidth
 Measurement of Q (practical)
 Measurement of Self (Distributed Capacitance)
A coil of resistance 10 Ω is connected to
the Q meter circuit between terminals T1
and T2. Resonance occurs at a frequency of
1 MHz with the tuning capacitor set to 65
pF. Calculate the percentage error
introduced in the calculated value of
quality factor if the resistance of 0.02 Ω is
used across the oscillator circuit.
In the set up for the determination of self
capacitance of coil, the standard variable
capacitor has a value of 460 pF at 2 MHz.
and a value of 100 pF at 4 MHz what is
coil’s self capacitance ?
Wave Analyzer
•Any complex waveform is made up of a fundamental and its
harmonics.

•Wave analyzer is used to measure the amplitude of each harmonic


or fundamental frequency individually.

•Wave analyzers are also referred to as frequency selective voltmeters,


carrier frequency voltmeters, and selective level voltmeters.

•The instrument is tuned to the frequency of one component whose


amplitude is measured.

•Some wave analyzers have the automatic frequency control which


tunes to the signal automatically.
Basic Wave Analyzer
Working process for wave analyzer

• The analyzer consists of a primary detector, which is a simple


LC circuit.
• The LC circuit is adjusted for resonance at the frequency of
the particular harmonic component to be measured.
• It passes only the frequency to which it is tuned and provides a
high attenuation to all other frequencies.
• The full wave rectifier is used to get the average value of the
input signal.
• The indicating device is a simple dc voltmeter that is
calibrated to read the peak value of the sinusoidal input
voltage.
Applications
Amplitude measurement of a single component of a complex
waveform.

Amplitude measurement in the presence of noise and


interfering signals.

Measurement of signal energy within a well-defined bandwidth.

Industrially in the field of reduction of sound and vibrations


generated by the rotating machinery.

Used in Harmonic analysis.


Spectrum Analyzer
 Spectrum Analysis is defined as the study of energy distribution
across the frequency spectrum of a given electrical signal. The
study gives valuable information about bandwidth, effects of
different types of modulation and signal generation.
 Analysis of the spectrum of frequency domain of a signal is called
spectrum analysis.
 They usually display raw, unprocessed signal information like
voltage, power, period, waveshapes, sideband and frequency.
 Most common Spectrum Analyzer Measurements : Modulation,
Noise, Distortion.
 Can easily measure low amplitudes and high frequency.
 Operating range : 0.02 Hz to 250 GHz.
Applications
 Finding intermodulation content, FM Deviation, pulse
width and repetition rate.

 Measurement of frequency and its response.

 Analyzing modulated signals.

 Finding Bandwidth and studying harmonic


components.

 Antenna Patterns, AF And RF Analysis.

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