SYSTEM IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
UNIT-II
Introduction to Thermal Engineering
 Syllabus
• Laws of thermodynamics, heat engine, heat
pump, refrigerator (simple numerical)
• Modes of heat transfer: conduction,
convection and radiation, Fourier’s law,
Newton’s law of cooling, Stefan Boltzmann’s
law. (Simple numerical)
• Two stroke and Four stroke engines (Petrol,
Diesel and CNG engines). Steam generators.
 Thermodynamics System
• Types of Thermodynamics system
Closed system
Isolated system
Open system
 Thermal Equilibrium
• Consider two bodies A and B at different
temp. If bodies brought in contact with each
other, the energy in the form of heat will be
transferred from high temp. body to low
temp. body. It would be observed after
sometime that temp. of both the bodies are
same.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First Law of thermodynamics
 Second law of thermodynamics
• Clausius Statement
 Second law of thermodynamics
• Kelvin planck Statement
A refrigeration system is used to maintain a cold storage at 4°C.
The heat leakage from surrounding into the cold storage is
estimated to be 1800 kj/min. If COP of refrigeration system is
1.5, Find:
1) The amount of heat rejected to the surrounding
2) Power required to drive the refrigeration system
An engine develops 80 kw of work output when heat is supplied
at the rate of 240 kw. Find the efficiency of the engine and heat
rejected to atmosphere.
 Heat Transfer
• Modes of heat transfer
 Conduction
It is defined as transfer of heat from one part of the substance to
another part of same substance without appreciable motion of
molecules
 Convection
The process of heat transfer between the solid surface and a fluid
flowing past the surface is called convection.
 Radiation
It is the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves that are
emitted in the wavelength band between 0.1 and 200 micrometer.
 Fourier’s law of heat conduction
• It states that rate of heat transfer is directly
proportional to the area normal to the direction of
heat flow and temp. gradient.
Q = -kA (dT/dx)
Where –ve sign indicates drop in temp. and,
K = Thermal conductivity of material (w/mk)
 Heat Convection
When a fluid flows over a solid body or surface
and
temp of the fluid and solid surface are
different, heat
transfer between the solid surface and fluid
takes
If the place due to is
fluid motion motion of fluid
artificially relativethen
induced, to
the
heat surface.
transfer is said to be by FORCED
convection.
If the fluid motion is set up by buoyancy effects
resulting from density difference caused due to tem
difference in the fluid, heat transfer is said to be by
FREE or NATURAL convection
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Rate of heat transfer by convection from a
surface to a fluid in contact with it, or vice
versa, is proportional to the temp difference
between surface and the free stream of the
fluid and the area of the heat transfer.
Mathematically;
Q A(Ts - T∞); or
Q = h A(Ts - T∞); Watt
Where h is called as convective heat transfer
coefficient.
h is not a property of fluid or surface, but it
depends on properties of the fluid and
 Convection Ts > T∞

T∞

Fluid
Surface(Ho
Q A(Ts - T∞); or A t) h
Ts
Q = hA(Ts - T∞); Watt
Q
 Heat Radiation
All bodies continuously emit energy if their
temp is
above zero absolute (0 K) and energy thus
emitted
Thermal radiations are electromagnetic
is called thermal radiation.
waves and do not require any medium for
propagation.
Thermal radiation is a surface phenomenon.
Theories of Thermal Radiation
1. Wave/Maxwell’s Classical Theory : Propagation by
electromagnetic waves
2. Quantum/ Planck’s Theory: Propagation by quant
possessing certain amount of energy
Emissive power : The emissive power of a body is defined as
the energy radiated by the body per second per unit area at a
given temperature and wavelength.
Emissivity : Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the
emissive power of a body to that of a black body at the
same temperature .
 Stefan Boltzmann’s Law of Radiation
Thermal radiation emitted by a black body
having unit surface area is proportional to the
Fourth Power of its absolute temp.
Mathematically;
q ∞ T4 W/m2;
Q = σAT4 W; where σ is Stefan
Boltzmann’s
constant (5.67 x 10-8
W/m2K4 )

Q =A1Є1σ (T14 –T24)

Q=Qc+Qr
2cm
Qc=hA(T1 – Ta) h=25
Q=kA(ΔT/Δx)
T1 =250°C
=kA(T2-T1)/(Δx) 50cm
k=43
T2 = ? 75cm
Q=2456W; T2=253°C Q
 Electrical Analogy
Electrical Energy Heat Energy
What flows? Charge (C) Energy (J) in the form of
heat
Driving Voltage Diff, ΔV Temp Diff, ΔT
Potential
Flow Rate Current Heat Transfer Rate (watt =
(I = C/t) J/s)
Resistance to Electrical R, Thermal Resistance
flow Resistance of (to be worked out)
conductor
(R = V/I)
 Electrical Analogy
As per Ohm’s Law, I = ΔV/R

Similarly, Heat Flow Rate, Q = ΔT/R = C.ΔT;

Conductive Resistance:
T T T
Q kA  
x x R
kA
x
Hence, Rconductive 
kA
 Electrical Analogy
Convective Resistance:

T T
Q hAT2  T   
1 R
hA
1
Hence, Rconvective 
hA
 Electrical Analogy
Radiative Resistance (Surface 1 kept in large enclosure):


Qr A1 1 T1  T2
4 4
 
T
R

A1 1 T1  T2 T1  T2  T1  T2
2 2


T1  T2 
1

A1 1 T1  T2  T1  T2
2 2

1
Hence, RRadiative 
A1 1 T1  T2  T1  T2
2 2
 
Calculate the heat transfer rate per unit area through a copper
plate 0.045m thick whose one face is maintained at 350°C and
the other face at 50°C. Thermal conductivity of copper is 370
W/m°C.
 A hot plate area 1.5m2 is maintained at 300°C. The air at 20°C
blows over the plate. If the convective heat transfer coefficient is
20 W/m2k, calculate the rate of convective heat transfer.
A black body at 1100°C has surroundings at 200°C. Find
the heat loss per unit area by radiation.