E-

MOBILITY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lC77GE4PJE
So, what is Electro Mobility?
Electro mobility represents the concept of using electric powertrain

technologies, in-vehicle information, and communication technologies and

connected infrastructures to enable the electric propulsion of vehicles.

Reasons for Re-Introduction of E-Mobility

At the beginning of 21st century greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy
regulations pushed commercial vehicles industry back to the electric propulsion
development. This reintroduction of the project is called Electro Mobility.

Objectives of E-Mobility
• Emission Free
• Low Noise Operation of Vehicles
• Easy To Operate
AE & Core Technologies - E&E, Bangalore
EV Type 1: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 On the HEV the Internal Combustion is
used as primary power source and
electric motor as a secondary power
source .

 Smaller and more eco-friendly internal

combustion engines are typically used
because the lower power-torque is
compensated for by the electric motor
when it is needed.

 On HEV, energy is recovered by the

electric motor during deceleration. The
recovered energy is used to recharge
traction batteries.

 If the electric motor cannot slowdown

the vehicle as fast as the driver needs ,
then the control system will
automatically use additional
deceleration forces via the ordinary
brakes.
EV Type 2: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
(PHEV)
 A PHEV contains the same primary
components for propulsion as a HEV,
but with an additional feature which
makes it possible to charge the traction
battery from an external power source.

 By also using external power sources

charging it is possible to save
approximately 2/3 of the fuel
consumption.

 One of the most useful features of

PHEV is ability to drive in internal
combustion, hybrid or full electric
mode.

 An additional benefit of full electric

mode is the opportunity to drive in low
noise or zero emission zones. This
opens possibilities to have indoor
routes and stops.
EV Type 3: Full Electric Vehicle (FEV)
 A FEV uses exclusively electric
power for propulsion. The electrical
energy required for propulsion is
stored in the traction batteries

 The batteries are mainly charged

from an external power source.

 FEV also charge traction batteries

when braking like the Hybrid-
Electric vehicles.

 The FEV usually have more than one

traction battery to allow for longer
driving distances.
EV Type 4: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
(FCEV)
 FCEVs also go by the name Fuel Cell Vehicle
(FCV), they got the name because the heart of
such vehicles is fuel cells that use chemical
reactions to produce electricity.

 Hydrogen is the fuel of choice for FCVs to carry

out this reaction, so they are often called
‘Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles’.

 FCVs carry the hydrogen in special high

pressure tanks, another ingredient for the power
generating process is Oxygen, which it acquires
from the air sucked in from the environment,

 Electricity generated from the fuel cells goes to

an electric motor which drives the wheels.

 Advantage of FCVs is they can produce their

own electricity which emits no carbon, enabling
it to reduce its carbon footprint further than any
other EV.
Comparison of Different Electric Vehicle
Types
 Energy Storage System (ESS)

 The ESS is one of the most critical systems for electrically driven
vehicles. It affects vehicle performance as well as the vehicles
reliability and durability. The main purpose of ESS is to store
electrical energy on board.
 The ESS contains battery packs, power disconnection unit, battery
management unit, power train control unit and thermal
management systems.

 A numbers of different features are used to secure that the ESS will
function correctly and safely. Volvo bus products have one or more
battery packs depending on how much electrical energy is required.
 Battery Pack
 The battery pack is a core part of ESS, usually it contains Li-
Ion cells. These cells are assembled into modules and
placed inside the battery pack. The number of modules and
cells depends on the voltage i.e. required by the vehicle and
capacity of electric energy stored on-board.

 The State of Power(SOP) of a battery pack represents

amount of accessible energy, it depends on State Of Charge
(SOC) level, cell temperature, charge/discharge frequency
and the battery State of Health (SOH)

 Batteries are heated during charging and discharging,

protection from this heat is needed in the battery pack i.e.
why protection electronics and components are typically
installed inside the battery pack. Some e.g. of these
components are contactors for battery disconnection (high
power relays), thermal management units and manual
service disconnect(MSD) switches, power fuses, etc..

 These safety systems are in place in order to able to

disconnect traction voltage and prevent hazards such as
over voltage/current over charge, charging outside of the
accepted
Department, temperature
Name, Document name, Security class range and over discharge or an
20
external short circuit.
Date
Common Battery types, their components,
advantages & disadvantages
Charging Strategies
 Practically all electrically
driven vehicles have ability
to perform regenerative
charging. This is however not
enough for some
applications.

 To secure electrical power

onboard on a plug-in Hybrid-
Electric or Full-Electric
vehicles the batteries can be
recharged at charging
stations along the route for
e.g. Pantograph chargers
 Charging can also be performed by maintenance chargers in depots, for
e.g. overnight or when vehicles are not in service. The recharging time
varies depending on battery capacity and the output power of the charger.

 Charging can be implemented at various power levels, depending on the

electric infrastructure and time available for charging.
Charging Systems : AC Charging
 AC charging system provides an AC supply i.e. converted into DC to
charge the batteries. This system needs an AC-DC converter. According
to the SAE, electric vehicles AC charging power levels, they can be
classified as below:

 Level 1: The maximum voltage is 120V, the current can be 12A or 16A
and 1.44 kW depending on the circuit ratings. This system can be used
with standard 110V household outlets without requiring any special
arrangement, using on-board chargers. Charging a small EV with this
arrangement can take 0.5-12.5h, thus making the system suitable for
over night charging.

 Level 2: This charging uses a direct connection to the grid through an

EV service equipment, onboard charger is used for this system,
maximum system ratings are 240V, 60A and 14.4 kW. This system is
used as a primary charging method for EVs.

 Level 3: This system uses a permanently wired supply dedicated for EV

charging, with power ratings greater than 14.4 kW. Fast chargers which
recharge an average EV battery pack in no more than 30 minutes.
Charging Systems : DC Charging
 DC Systems require dedicated wiring and installations and can be
mounted at garages or charging stations. They have more power then
the AC systems and can charge EVs faster.

 As the output is DC, the voltage has to be changed for different vehicles
to suit the battery packs. Modern stations have the capability do it
automatically. All DC charging systems has a permanently connected
EV service equipment that incorporates the charger. Their classification
is done depending on the power levels they supply to the battery.
Charging Systems : Wireless Charging –
Future
 Technology
Wireless charging or wireless power transfer(WPT) enjoys significant
interest because of the conveniences it offers. This system does not
require plugs and cables required in wired charging systems, there is
no need of attaching the cable to the car, low risk of sparks and
shocks in dirty or wet environment and less chance of vandalism.

 Forerunners in WPT research include Phillips Research Europe, Energy

Dynamic Laboratory (EDL), universities including the University of
Tennessee, the University of British Columbia, Korea Advance Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), automobile manufacturers
including Daimler, Toyota, BMW, GM and Chrysler.

 Wireless charging systems are:

 Inductive Power Transfer
 Capacitive Power Transfer
 Permanent Magnet Coupling Power Transfer
 Resonant Inductive Power Transfer
 On-line Inductive Power Transfer
 Resonant Antennae Power Transfer
Electric Powertrain
 In the electric powertrain the electric motor and traction
battery are the main components. The electric motor
can provide positive or negative torque on the output
shaft.

 The ability to recover energy, lower maintenance and

simplicity are some of the benefits of an electric
powertrain.

 The electric motor operates by a force applied on a

current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field,
reversing the process will produce electrical current from
mechanical force.

 The electric motor can be divided into two types, DC and

AC. DC motors are used in special applications in which
high torque starting or smooth acceleration over a broad
speed range is required. Their use is generally limited to
low-speed and low/medium power auxiliaries on
vehicles.

 AC motors use current which reverses its direction at

regular intervals. Speed of the AC motor is dependent on
alternate current frequency. The 3 phase AC permanent-
magnet motor is widely used for propulsion in vehicles
Advantages, disadvantages and usage of
different motor types
Impacts of EV

V2G : Vehicle to Grid is a method where the

EV can provide power to the grid, in this
system the vehicles act as loads when they
are drawing energy and then can become
dynamic energy storages by feeding back
the energy to the grid
Global EV Sales Figures : The top ten best-selling vehicles

around the globe in shown in figure

Trends of EV In India
 43-Seater luxury electric bus from Pune-Mumbai.

 Delhi-Mumbai express way to have electric lane of 1320KM.

 TVS icube scooter planned production 1000 units/month.

 MG motors ZS Electric SUV 2800 bookings.

 Delhi to have 280 charging stations for EVs by end of 2020.

New Comers of EV in the
Global Market
Global Trends
 EVs are likely to move away from using permanent magnet motors which use rare-
earth materials. Tesla is using an induction motor in its models at present. Motors
with internal permanent magnet may stay in use.

 Wireless power transfer systems are likely to replace the current cabled charging
system. Concepts revealed by major automakers adopted this feature to highlight
their usefulness and convenience. The Rolls-Royce 103EX and the Vision Mercedes-
Maybach 6 can be taken as example for that.

 Electric roads for wireless charging of vehicles may appear as well. Though this is
not still viable, the situation may change in the future. Recent works in this sector
includes the work of Electrode, an Israeli start-up, which claims to be able to achieve
this feat in an economic way.

 Vehicles that follow a designated route along the highway, like trucks, can get their
power from overhead lines like trains or trams. It will allow them to gather energy as
long as their route resides with the power lines, then carry on with energy from on-
board sources. Such a system has been tested by Siemens using diesel-hybrid trucks
from Scania on a highway in Sweden.

 Goodyear has demonstrated a tire that can harvest energy from the heat generated
there using thermo-piezoelectric material. There are also chances of solar-powered
vehicles. Until now, these have not appeared useful as installed solar cells only
manage to convert up to 20% of the input power.
Way Forward
 To harness renewable energy sources Solar, Hydro & wind for
electricity generation.

 To discover new raw materials for battery / charging techniques.

 Technology innovations to reduce battery size, cost & weight.

 Standardizing electric drive systems, charging mechanisms &

diagnostics.

 To develop skilled human resources to cater future mobility :

Electrified+ Shared +Connected+ Multimodal + personalized —
AUTONOMOUS.