HARBOUR ENGINEERING

HARBOUR
• A harbour can be defined as a sheltered area of the
sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken
for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or
provide for loading and unloading of cargo and
passengers.
Harbours are broadly classified as:
• Natural harbours
• Semi-natural harbours
• Artificial harbours.
 NATURAL HARBOUR
• Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships
on sea coasts, in the form of creeks and basins, are called
natural harbours.
• The factors such as local geographical features, growth of
population, development of the area, etc. have made the
natural harbours big and attractive.
• Bombay and Kandla are, examples of natural harbours
• Semi Natural Harbour- Protected on sides by
head lands and requires man made protection
only at the entrance. Eg: Vishakapatnam
• Artificial Harbour An artificial harbour is one
which is manmade and protected from storms
and waves by engineering works. Example -
Chennai Harbour
 Classification depending upon the utility

Commercial Harbours:• May be a part of bigger complex

harbour or independent unit or single commodity
harbour Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.
Requirements:
• Spacious accommodations.
• Storage sheds for cargo.
• Ample space for transportation,loading and unloading
cargo.
• Good and quick repair facilities.
• More sheltered conditions
• Fishery Harbours:
• Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers.
Requirements:
• Constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing ships.
• Loading and unloading facilities for the perishable fish catch.
• Refrigerated stores with ample storing space for preserving the
catch.
Military Harbours:
• This harbour is meant for accommodating naval crafts and
serves as a supply depot.
• The layout of this type of harbour is greatly influenced by its
location.
Requirements:
• Should accommodate the navel vessels.
• They serve as supply depots also.
Eg: Bombay and Cochin Harbours
Marina Harbours:
• Facilities of fuel, food, showers, telephone etc for small boat
owners having
temporary or permanent berths.
• Resort facilities.
• Sport facilities like swimming, surfacing etc.
• Largest Marina – have 200 or more berths
• Small Marina – have less than 100 berths
• Resort facilities – Restaurants, swimming pool, motels etc.
• Club
• Marina pub – Bars supplying quality liquors
• Marinas are located nearer to big cities so that, they are visited
by big volume of population.
Classification depending upon the Location

Canal Harbour:
• Harbour located along canals for sea navigations.
Lake Harbour:
• Harbour constructed along the shoe of lake.
River Harbour or Estuary Harbour:
• Harbour located along the banks of river.
Sea or Ocean Harbour:
• Harbour located on the coast of sea or an ocean.
 Requirements of a good harbour
➢The depth of a harbour should be sufficient for every type of
visiting
ships.
➢The bottom of harbour should provide secures anchorage to
hold the ships against high winds.
➢To prevent destructive wave action, break waters are provided.
➢The entrance of a harbour should be wide enough to provide
the easy passage of ships and narrow enough to restrict the
transmission of excessive amounts of wave energy during storm.
 FEATURES
• Entrance Channel - Water area from which ships enter in the
harbour and it should have sufficient width, 100 for small
harbour, 100 to 160m for medium and 160 to 260m for large
harbour.
• Break Water - A protective barrier made up of Concrete or
Course Rubble Masonry constructed from shore towards the
sea to enclose h
• Turning Basin - It is water area which is required for
maneuvering the ship after entering to the harbour and it is
large enough to permit free turning.
• Shelter Basin - It is area protected by shore and breakwater.
arbour
• Pier - It is a solid platform at which berthing of ships on both
the sides are possible.
• Wet Dock - Due to variation in tidal level, an enclosed basin is
provided where in number of ships can be berthed. It has an
entrance which is controlled by a lock gate.
• Dry Dock - It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs
and construction of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate.
• Jetty - It is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the
shoreline for berthing of ships.
• Quay - It is also dock parallel to the shore which is solid
structure providing berthing on one side and retaining the
earth on the other.
• Wharf - It is a docking platform constructed parallel to
shoreline providing berthing facility on one side only.
 BREAKWATERS
• A breakwater is a structure constructed for the purpose of
forming an artificial harbour with a basin so protected from
the effect of waves as to provide safe berthing for fishing
vessels. There are many different types of breakwaters;
natural rock and concrete, or a combination of the two, are
the materials which form 95 percent or more of all the
breakwaters constructed
When a breakwater is to be built at a certain location, and the
environmental impact of such a structure has already been
evaluated and deemed environmentally feasible, the following
parameters are required before construction can commence:
❖ A detailed hydrographic survey of the site;
❖ A geotechnical investigation of the sea bed;
❖ A wave height investigation;
❖ A material needs assessment; and
❖ The cross-sectional design of the structure
 CLASSIFICATION OF BREAKWATER
Rubble mound breakwater - A rubble mound breakwater normally
consists of a core of small size rock covered with large [heavy] rocks or
concrete elements. This outer layer is called the armour layer. An under-
layer of rock is provided between the core and the armour layer.
➢ Outside layer large enough to resist wave action.
➢ Inside layer small enough to prevent removal of native fine material in
between.
Advantages rubble mound breakwater ✓ Use of natural material ✓
Reduces material cost ✓ Use of small construction equipment ✓ Less
environmental impact ✓ Easy to construct ✓ Failure is mainly due to poor
interlocking capacity between individual blocks ✓ Unavailability of large
size natural rocks leads to artificial armour blocks.
Disadvantages rubble mound breakwater х Needs a considerable amount
of construction materials. х Continuous maintenance is required.
Vertical breakwater - A breakwater formed by the construction
in a regular and systematic manner of a vertical wall of masonry
concrete blocks or mass concrete, with vertical and seaward
face.
➢ Reflect the incident waves without dissipating much wave
energy.
➢ Wave protection in port/channel
➢ Protection from siltation, currents
➢ Tsunami protection
➢ Berthing facilities
➢ Access/transport facility
➢ Normally it is constructed in locations where the depth of
the sea is greater than twice the design wave height.
 DOCKS

• Docks are enclosed areas for berthing the ships to keep

them afloat at a uniform level to facilitate loading and
unloading cargo.
• A dock is a marine structure for berthing of vessels for
loading and unloading cargo and passengers.
• Docks are necessary for discharging of the cargo as ships
require a number of days for discharging cargo, during which
period they need a uniform water level.
• If ship is subjected to a vertical movement by the tides, great
inconvenience will be felt in lifting the cargo from the ship
and special arrangement will be needed for lifting the cargo.
 CLASSIFICATION
WET DOCKS - Docks required for berthing of ships or
vessels to facilitate the loading and unloading of
passengers and cargo are called wet docks. These are
also known as harbor docks.
 DRY DOCKS
• The docks used for repairs of ships are known as
dry docks.
• Dry docks are classified in the following five
categories:
➢ Graving or dry docks
➢ Floating dry dock
➢ Marine railway dock
➢ Ship lifts dry docks
➢ Slip ways.
• Dry or graving dock - A dry dock is also known as graving
dock. It is long excavated chamber, having side walls, a
semi circular end wall and a floor. The open end of the
chamber is provided with a gate and acts as the
entrance to the dock.
• Floating dry dock - It may be defined as a floating vessel,
which can lift ship out of water and retain it above water
by means of its own buoyancy. It is a hollow structure
made of steel or R.C.C consisting of two walls and a floor
with the ends open.To receive a vessel or ship for repair,
the structure or floating dock is sunk to the required
depth by filling water known as ballasting in its interior
chambers and the vessel is then floated into position
and berthed.
Dry or graving dock
• Marine railway dock - The marine railway or slip dock
or slip way is an inclined railway extending from the
shore well into the water as the off there. This
railway track is used to draw out a ship needing
repair out of the water.
• Lift dry dock - This is a constructed platform capable
of being lowered into and raised from water.
Lowering and rising is achieved by means of hydraulic
power applied through cylinders supporting the ends
of cross girders carrying the platform.
Marine railway dock
Lift dry dock
• Ship lifts - the ships are lifted bodily out of
water. The ship lifts may be electric, hydraulic
or pneumatic. These lifts are used for
launching as well as for dry docking the ships.
Their main advantage is the ease in
adaptability to transfer system enabling
multiple garaging of ships.
Ship lifts
• Slipways - This technique is used for repairs as well
as for building of vessels. In its simplest form a slip
way consists of an inclined path of timber or stone
lay on a firm ground. On this inclined path a series
of rails are fixed. The rails run up from a sufficient
depth of water to the required height above the
high water level to a point at which the longest
vessel to accommodate is completely out of range
of tide. The lower end of slip is tidal and open to
water.