W A V E W E L D E R S - G R O U P E

COASTAL ENGINEERING
C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G O R I E N T A T I O N
COASTAL ENGINEERING AS A CURRENT
FIELD OF CE SPECIALIZATION

• This engineering field was dealing to

investigate what is happening in the coastal
zone and its structures such as marine, groins
and embankments.
COASTAL ENGINEERING AS A CURRENT
FIELD OF CE SPECIALIZATION
-underwater constructions
-breakwaters
-sea walls
-harbour structures
-wharves & docks
-bridges & tunnels
 UNDERWATER
CONSTRUCTION
 UNDERWATER
CONSTRUCTION
UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION IS THE PROCESS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
UNDERWATER USING MATERIALS LIKE CONCRETE AND STEEL. IT INVOLVES
SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT TO CREATE A DRY WORKSPACE BELOW
THE WATER'S SURFACE, OFTEN REQUIRING THE USE OF DIVERS AND TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES FOR STABILITY AND INTEGRITY.
 CAISSION
► A CAISSON IS RETAINING WATER TIGHT STRUCTURE USED TO WORK FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF A CONCRETE DAM, ON THE FOUNDATION OF A BRIDGE PIER
OR FOR THE REPAIR OF SHIPS.

TYPES OF CAISSONS
► BOX CAISSONS
►OPEN CAISSONS
►PNEUMATIC CAISSONS
 COFFERDAMS
COFFERDAMS ARE TEMPORARY WATERTIGHT ENCLOSURE PUMPED DRY BELOW THE
WATER LINE TO EXECUTE THE BUILDING OPERATION TO BE PERFORMED ON DRY
SURFACE.

COMPONENTS OF
COFFERDAMS
► SHEET PILING
► BRACING FRAME
► CONCRETE SEAL
► BEARING PILES
BREAKWATER
BREAKWATER
Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal
defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of both
weather and long shore drift.

A structure protecting a shore area, harbor, anchorage or basin

from wave disturbance.

A barrier that breaks the force of waves, as before a harbor.

Breakwater are the structures constructed to enclose the harbours

to protect them from the effect of wind generated waves by
reflecting and dissipating their force or energy.
BREAKWATER
➤Rubble Mound Breakwater
➤Caisson Breakwate
TYPES OF

➤Porous Breakwater
➤Floating Breakwater
➤ Submerged active Breakwater
➤Flexible Breakwater
➤Vertical Wall Breakwater
 RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER
• The function of a rubble breakwater mound is to
protect a coastal area from excessive wave action.
 CAISSON BREAKWATER

• CAISSON BREAKWATERS
TYPICALLY HAVE VERTICAL
SIDES AND ARE USUALLY
USED WHERE IT IS
DESIRABLE TO BERTH ONE
OR MORE VESSELS ON THE
INNER FACE OF THE
BREAKWATER.
 POROUS BREAKWATER
• POROUS BREAKWATERS NORMALLY EXPERIENCE REDUCED
HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES.
 FLOATING BREAKWATER
• A FLOATING BREAKWATER IS
DESTINED FOR THE
PROTECTION OF MARINAS, IN
DIFFERENT SITUATIONS: WAVE
PROTECTION, EROSION
PROTECTION AND EVEN WAKES
FORMED FROM PASSING BOAT
TRAFFIC.
 SUBMERGED
BREAKWATER

• A SUBMERGED BREAKWATER
CONSIST OF A LARGE BUOYANT
CYLINDER WHICH IS HELD
HORIZONTAL BENEATH THE FREE
SURFACE OF WATER.
SEA WALLS
SEA WALLS
LARGE, ENGINEERED STRUCTURES BUILT
ALONG COASTLINES TO PROTECT LAND FROM
EROSION CAUSED BY WAVES, TIDES, OR
TSUNAMIS.

CAN BE MADE OF VARIOUS MATERIALS,

INCLUDING CONCRETE, STONE, OR
STEEL.

SEA WALLS
 3 types of seawalls

CURVED VERTICAL MOUND

 3 types of seawalls

DESIGNED TO ENABLE WAVES TO

BREAK TO DISSIPATE WAVE ENERGY
AND TO REPEL WAVES BACK TO THE
SEA.

CURVED
 3 types of seawalls
THIS TYPE OF SEAWALL TYPICALLY
STICKS STRAIGHT UP FROM THE
SEABED, ENABLING YOU TO FULLY
USE YOUR PROPERTY AND PROTECT
IT FROM EROSION. IN ADDITION,
VERTICAL SEAWALLS TAKE THE
FULL FORCE OF A WAVE AND ARE A
TIME-TESTED METHOD OF
BLOCKING LARGE, HIGH-POWERED
WAVES.

VERTICAL
 3 types of seawalls
MOUND SEAWALLS ARE BUILT FROM
BLOCKS AND ROCKS

MOUND TYPE SEAWALLS ARE MADE

USING REVETMENTS OR RIPRAP
AND ARE USED IN LESS DEMANDING
WHERE LOWER ENERGY EROSIONAL
PROCESSES OPERATE.

MOUND
harbOUrs
harbours
ARE NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL BODIES OF WATER THAT
PROVIDE A SAFE AND SHELTERED ANCHORAGE FOR
SHIPS. THEY ARE TYPICALLY LOCATED ALONG
COASTLINES OR RIVERS AND ARE PROTECTED FROM
THE OPEN SEA OR RIVER CURRENTS BY NATURAL
FEATURES SUCH AS HEADLANDS, ISLANDS, OR
BREAKWATERS.

SEA WALLS
harbours ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
DIFFERENT TYPES BASES ON
DIFFERENT CONDITIONS SUCH AS:

1. SAFETY REQUIRED
2. LOCATION
3. USAGE

SEA WALLS
 SAFETY REQUIRED
NATURAL HARBOUR - FORMED
NATURALLY BY THE PROTECTION OF
MOUNTAINS, BAYS, ISLANDS ETC.
AND ARE IN USE SINCE LONG TIME.
SO, DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF
POPULATION, GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES, ETC. ARE RAPID IN
NATURAL HARBOR REGIONS.

SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR - SEMI

NATURAL HARBORS ARE ALSO
FORMED NATURALLY, BUT
SOMETIMES AT THE HARBOR
ENTRANCE MANMADE
CONSTRUCTIONS ARE
SEA WALLS
REQUIRED FOR MORE
PROTECTION AGAINST WINDS
AND WAVES.
 SAFETY REQUIRED

ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR- ARTIFICIAL

HARBOR OR MAN-MADE HARBORS
DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY NATURAL
PROTECTIONS AND THESE
PROTECTIONS ARE BUILT
ARTIFICIALLY WHICH ARE CALLED
BREAKWATERS. BREAKWATERS ARE
THE STRUCTURES WHICH PREVENT
THE INSIDE WATER FROM STORMS
AND WAVES AND KEEPS THE INSIDE
WATER STILL.

SEA WALLS
 location
SEA HARBOUR - HARBOR SITUATED
ALONG SEA SHORE IS TERMED AS SEA
HARBOR. SEA PORTS ARE OF VERY
LARGE AREA AND LOADING AND
UNLOADING OF GOODS ALSO DONE IN
LARGER QUANTITIES. DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES ARE CONNECTED BY THESE
PORTS.
RIVER HARBOUR - RIVER
HARBORS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN
THE RIVERS WHICH FINALLY
CONNECTS TO SEA. SO, THESE
ENABLE THE NAVIGATION INSIDE A
COUNTRY FROM NONCOASTAL
AREAS.
CANAL HARBOUR - CANAL HARBORS
ARE ALSO USIMILAR TO RIVER
HARBORS BUT A CANAL IS
CONNECTED TO SEA THROUGH A
MAJOR RIVER.
 usage
COMMERCIAL HARBOUR - COMMERCIAL
HARBORS ARE THOSE WHERE LOADING AND
UNLOADING OF CARGOS ARE DONE.
COMMERCIAL HARBOR REQUIRES LARGER
AREA FOR SPEED UP THE OPERATIONS AND
IT IS THE BUSIEST AMONG THE OTHERS.
FISHERY HARBOUR - FISHERY
HARBORS ARE SPECIALLY MEANT
TO CARGOS CARRYING SEAFOOD
OR AQUATIC ANIMALS. THEY ARE
ALWAYS OPENED TO FISHING
SHIPS FOR LOADING AND
UNLOADING.

MILITARY HARBOUR - MILITARY HARBORS

ARE USED AS NAVAL BASES, WHERE WAR
SHIPS ARE RESTED WHILE THERE IS NO
WORK IN THE SEA OR DURING REPAIR
WORKS. NO OTHER PRIVATE SHIPS
SHOULD NOT ENTER THIS WITHOUT
PERMISSION.
 usage
HARBOURS OF REFUGE - A
LARGE AREA HARBORS WHICH
ARE USEFUL TO SHELTER THE
SHIPS DURING EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS LIKE STORMS OR
ANY OTHER NATURAL
CALAMITIES.

MARINA HARBOUR - ARE SMALL

HARBORS WHERE MOORINGS
ARE PROVIDED FOR YACHTS
AND SMALL SHIPS. THEY ARE
NOT SUITABLE FOR LARGE
CARGOS.
wharves and
docks

WHARVES AND DOCKS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LOADING,

UNLOADING, AND SERVICING VESSELS, SUPPORTING
BOTH COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL MARINE
INDUSTRIES. THESE STRUCTURES PROVIDE ACCESS
POINTS FOR CARGO AND PASSENGER TRANSPORT,
PLAYING A CENTRAL ROLE IN GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS
AND LOCAL ECONOMIES.
design and construction

Many aspects are taken into account when designing and

building docks and wharves:

Environmental impact: Marine habitats should not be adversely affected

by structures.

Structural stability: Wharves and docks need to be able to endure

continuous exposure to tides, waves, and saltwater.

Operational effectiveness: Because ports are built for heavy traffic and
rapid turnaround, operational layout is crucial.
challenges

ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES: WAVES, TIDES, AND WIND-DRIVEN CURRENTS

PUT IMMENSE STRAIN ON THESE STRUCTURES.

MATERIAL DURABILITY: THE USE OF CONCRETE, STEEL, AND TREATED

WOOD FOR RESISTANCE AGAINST CORROSION IS CRITICAL.

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: RISING SEA LEVELS AND STRONGER

STORMS ARE INCREASING THE NEED FOR MORE RESILIENT COASTAL
INFRASTRUCTURE.
 bridges and
tunnels
bridges and tunnels are
crucial for transportation
over bodies of water,
connecting communities and
supporting economic
activities. Coastal areas
often require these
structures to link islands,
peninsulas, and other
regions separated by
waterways.
design and construction

For coastal bridges and tunnels, engineers prioritize durability and resilience
against water and natural forces:

Bridges: Coastal bridges are typically designed to withstand intense waves, wind loads, and shifting
foundations. They may incorporate materials like high-performance concrete and corrosion-resistant
steel.

Tunnels: Coastal tunnels require precise geotechnical assessments to manage risks associated with
water infiltration, seismic activity, and variable geological formations.
challenges
Wave action and flooding: Coastal bridges are
vulnerable to wave impact, so engineers use
elevation and protective barriers to enhance safety.

Maintenance and corrosion: Exposure to seawater

increases the potential for corrosion, which
requires durable materials and proactive
maintenance strategies.

Environmental impact: Underwater tunnels can

disrupt marine life, necessitating environmental
assessments and sustainable construction
practices.