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1.2 Magnetism

The document provides an overview of magnetism, detailing concepts such as magnetic effect of electric current, magnetic lines of force, magnetic flux, and electromagnetism. It explains key terms like magnetomotive force, reluctance, magnetic flux density, and the importance of the B-H curve in magnetic circuits. Additionally, it discusses Kirchhoff’s laws for magnetic circuits, magnetic leakage, and magnetic fringing, along with practical applications in electric devices like motors and transformers.

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14 views11 pages

1.2 Magnetism

The document provides an overview of magnetism, detailing concepts such as magnetic effect of electric current, magnetic lines of force, magnetic flux, and electromagnetism. It explains key terms like magnetomotive force, reluctance, magnetic flux density, and the importance of the B-H curve in magnetic circuits. Additionally, it discusses Kirchhoff’s laws for magnetic circuits, magnetic leakage, and magnetic fringing, along with practical applications in electric devices like motors and transformers.

Uploaded by

riyarrengde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAGNETISM

❑Introduction
🞆 When electric current flows in a conductor, then magnetic flux is produced.
This is called as magnetic effect of electric current.
🞆 Many electric devices such as motors, generators, relay, require magnetic
flux for their operation.
🞆 The body or core of these machines is made of magnetic material such as
steel.
❑Magnetic lines of force
⚫ Magnetic lines of force are used for representing
Magnetic field of a magnet.
⚫ The path line along which isolated N pole moves
is called as magnetic line of force.
⚫ N-pole & N-pole brought close repel each other,
When N-pole & S-pole brought close attract to each other.
⚫ The magnetic line has a direction from north pole to south pole
⚫ Magnetic lines of force never intersect each other.
⚫ Magnetic line of force behaves as a stretched elastic band.
⚫ Each magnetic line of force is a closed path. It starts from N pole and goes
towards S pole outside the magnet and it goes from S pole to N pole inside
the magnet.
❑ Magnetic flux(ø)
⚫ Magnetic flux is a collection of all magnetic lines of force
of a magnet.
⚫ Magnetic field is the region around the magnet where
magnetic flux is present
⚫ A magnet with high pole strength ‘produces’ a large
number of magnetic lines of force. Unit of magnetic flux is
Weber
⚫ 1 Weber = 108 magnetic lines of force.
❑ Electromagnet
⚫ An electromagnet is a current carrying coil
usually wound on a soft magnetic core. A
current carrying coil produces magnetic flux
and exhibits the properties of a magnet.
⚫ An electromagnet loses its magnetic properties as soon as
current passing through coil reduces to zero.
⚫ Application: armature winding dc motor,
electromechanical relay, dc generators etc.
❑ Magnetomotive force (mmf) :
⚫ Mmf is the source that produces magnetic flux in a
magnetic circuit. Unit: Ampere turn ,denoted by F.
⚫ Mmf (F)=N*I ampere turn, N=No. of turns of magnetizing
coil, I= Current through coil in Ampere.
❑ Reluctance(S) :
⚫ Reluctance is the opposition to the flow of flux in a material
⚫ Unit: AT/Wb
⚫ S=k*l / a
⚫ k = constant of proportionality, l= length of magnetic circuit in m. , a= area
of cross section in m2
⚫ S = l / µ 0 µr a
⚫ Where, l = length i.e. the dimension in the direction of flux.
a=area of section perpendicular to direction of flux
µ0 = permeability of free space 4 π x10-7Henry/m
µr =relative permeability of the material

❑ Magnetic flux density(B)


⚫ It is flux per unit area perpendicular to direction of magnetic line of force at
that point.
⚫ Unit of flux density is Wb/m2 or Tesla
⚫ B=ø / A
❑ Magnetic field strength(H)
⚫ It is the force experienced by a unit north pole placed at that point.
⚫ Unit: N/Wb
❑ Permeability
🞆 It is ability to carry flux lines . If material allows the flux lines then the material
have high permeability
🞆 If material does not allows the flux lines then the material have low permeability
🞆 High permeability material: iron, steel etc
🞆 Low permeability material: wood, glass etc.
❑ Absolute permeability ‘µ’
🞆 It is the ratio of magnetic flux density in the medium to the mag. field strength in
vacuum or air.
🞆 Absolute permeability (µ)= B/H Henry/meter
🞆 B= µ H tesla
❑ Permeability of free space(µ0)
🞆 Permeability of vacuum (free space) i.e air and all non magnetic materials is
constant. It is denoted by µ0. Value of µ0=4 π *10-7 Henry/m.
🞆 Absolute permeability of a magnetic material is higher than permeability of
vacuum (free space).
❑ Relative Permeability (µr)
🞆 It is the ratio of the magnetic flux density at a point in the magnetic medium
to the magnetic flux density at the same point with air as the medium.
🞆 µr = B/ Bo, but B=µH, Bo = µ0H
🞆 µr = µH / µ0H, µr =µ / µ0
❑ Magnetic circuit
⚫ Magnetic circuit is a closed path where magnetic flux is established. Magnetic
circuit consists of a source of magnetic flux, magnetic parts and sometimes non-
magnetic part like air.

d.c. generator or motor core type transformer shell type transformer

⚫ In practice, body of an electric motor, generator or transformer is an example of


magnetic circuit. Mostly, electromagnets are used in these machines.
❑ Series Magnetic Circuit
⚫ A magnetic circuit that consist of one path for the flux is
called series magnetic circuit.
⚫ E.g. Magnetic circuit of a single phase core type transformer.
⚫ Same flux will flow in all components
❑ Parallel Magnetic Circuit
⚫ A magnetic circuit that consist of more than one path for the
flux is called parallel magnetic circuit.
⚫ E.g. Magnetic circuit of a single phase shell type transformer
• Different flux will flow in circuit.
❑ Analogy between magnetic circuit and electric circuit

Current does not pass Flux can pass through air


through air
❑ B H Curve
🞆 B H curve is the graph of magnetic flux density B
in a medium v/s magnetic field strength H in the medium
🞆 Slope indicates permeability of the material.
🞆 For free space, air or any non-magnetic material, the
graph is a straight line and its slope is equal to 4 π *10-7
Henry/m.
🞆 For magnetic materials, as the field strength H is
increased from zero, initially the value of magnetic flux
density B increases rapidly.
🞆 After the ‘knee point’, as the field strength ‘H’ is increased, increase in the magnetic
flux density ‘B’ is smaller and smaller.
🞆 After a sufficient large value of H, increase in B is very small. This region is called
as saturation region. In saturated region, permeability of the magnetic material is
small.
❑ Importance of BH curve
⚫ If value of magnetic flux density in the magnetic parts of the machine is within
the unsaturated range, then the permeability of that machine is high. Hence with
a small mmf, a large flux can be produced.
⚫ In general, in an electric machines, magnetic field strength H depends upon
applied voltage and the output variable depends on flux density B. To control the
❑ Kirchhoff’s laws for magnetic circuit
1. Flux law
🞆 At a junction, algebraic sum of magnetic fluxes is zero.
∑Ф = 0
🞆 At the junction of central limb and side limbs, the flux
divides in two parts Ф1 and Ф2. Hence at the junction,
🞆 Ф - Ф1 - Ф 2 = 0
2. Mmf law
⚫ In a closed magnetic circuit, algebraic sum of mmfs is zero .
⚫ ∑ mmf = 0
❑ Magnetic leakage
o Magnetic leakage is the phenomenon of magnetic flux
taking an undesired path outside the desired magnetic circuit.
🞆 Magnetic flux leakage can be minimized by choosing a high
permeability material to construct the magnetic circuit

❑ Bad effects of leakage:


1.The magnitude of useful flux and the useful flux density becomes smaller than a
desired value. Hence, to have the desired value of useful flux, a higher mmf is
required.
2. Leakage flux links with nearby objects or devices. It may produce undesirable
effects like eddy current, interaction with main flux in those devices etc.
❑ Magnetic Fringing
🞆 When air gap is present in a magnetic circuit, the magnetic
flux lines bulge in that air gap. This effect is called as magnetic
fringing.
🞆 Fringing can be minimized by minimizing length of the air
gap.
🞆 Due to fringing, effective cross sectional area of air gap is more than cross-
section of neighboring magnetic part.
🞆 Fringing factor =magnetic fluX density in air gap/fluX density in magnetic
part neighboring to air gap
= Bi / Ba
1. A soft iron ring of mean diameter 15cm is uniformly wound with 170 turns of an
insulated copper wire. 1.8 A dc current is passed in the coil. Find flux density in the
ring if relative permeability of soft iron at that flux density is 600.

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