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Movement

The document defines movement as a change in position and distinguishes between growth movements in plants and locomotion in animals. It describes the structure and functions of the human skeleton, including protection, support, movement, and blood cell production, as well as detailing the types of joints and the roles of tendons and ligaments in movement. Additionally, it explains how muscles, particularly biceps and triceps, work together to facilitate movement in the forearm.

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5 views38 pages

Movement

The document defines movement as a change in position and distinguishes between growth movements in plants and locomotion in animals. It describes the structure and functions of the human skeleton, including protection, support, movement, and blood cell production, as well as detailing the types of joints and the roles of tendons and ligaments in movement. Additionally, it explains how muscles, particularly biceps and triceps, work together to facilitate movement in the forearm.

Uploaded by

irvinjackson308
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOVEMENT

OBJECTIVES
Define movement as a change in position.

Distinguish between growth movements in plants and locomotion


movement in animals.

Relate the structure of the skeleton to its function in


human

Explain how the skeleton protects, supports, locomotion, and


blood formation.
MOVEMENT DEFINITION
Movement is a change in
position of a whole organism or
parts of an organism
TYPES OF MOVEMENT

Growth Movement: This is


movements in plants as a
result of them growing.
Shoots grow towards the light
and roots bend downwards
with the pull of gravity.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Part Movement: Done by a part of a plant
or of a sedentary animal.

Eg. The opening


and closing of
petals
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Whole body movement or Locomotion:
The movement of the entire body from one
place to another.
STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON

• The skeleton is divided into two


sections
1. The axial skeleton.
2. The appendicular skeleton
THE AXIAL SKELETON

• The axial skeleton provides support


and cushioning for the brain, spinal
cords and organs in the body.
• It is made up of the bones in your
head, neck, back and chest, which are
the cranium/skull, vertebral
column, sternum and ribcage
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• The appendicular skeleton consists of


the bones in the limbs (arms and
legs) and the bones that attach them
to the trunk of the body (the pelvic
and pectoral girdles.)
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Manufacture of Blood
Cells
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
Protection - The skeleton protects our vital
internal organs.

• Skull: Protects the brain


and sense organs
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
Protection - The skeleton protects our vital
internal organs.
• Vertebral column:
Protects the spinal cord
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
Protection - The skeleton protects our vital
internal organs.

• Ribs and Sternum:


• Protects the lungs and
the heart
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
Protection - The skeleton protects our vital
internal organs.
• The Pelvis
• Protects the internal
urinary and
reproductive organs
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM

Support - The bones of our


skeleton provide this framework and
support to our muscles and other
soft tissues. Without the support of
our skeleton, our body would not be
able to maintain its shape and we
wouldn't be able to move.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM

Movement – Bones are a firm


structure for muscle attachment by
tendons.
The skeleton has systems of levers to move the
whole body from place to place, or move parts of
the body relative to one another.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM

Production of blood
cells - The marrow
inside many bones is
responsible for the
production of red and
white blood cells, as well
as platelets.
BONE STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMERUS
The humerus is the long bone in the upper
arm
BONE STRUCTURE

Bone is a type of connective tissue


• Made up of mainly mineral substances such as
calcium phosphate and small amount of mineral
salts.
• Also contains collagen fibres, which gives it
elasticity. Collagen is a protein
• Bone contains living cells which are supplied
with food and oxygen by blood vessels.
BONE STRUCTURE

• Made up of an outer layer called periosteum.


• Compact bone – the outer layer of bone
• Spongy bone – Inside the layer of compact
bone. The spongy layer has spaces in it and
stops the bone from being too heavy.
• Bone marrow – at the centre of the bone. This
is very soft and has a good supply of blood. Red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are
made here
BONE STRUCTURE

• Cartilage – Covers the ends of bones. Allows


the bones to move easily over each other.
• Reduces friction between bones
• Much softer than bone, does not contain many
mineral salts but contains collagen
JOINTS
Where two or more bones meet joints are formed

• Moveable/ Synovial
Joints
• Immovable
joints/fibrous joints
• Partially moveable
joints/ Cartilaginous
JOINTS
Moveable joints/ Synovial joints

• Found where two


bones need to move
freely
• Examples – elbow
joint, shoulder joint
• Synovial fluid
lubricates joints and STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL
reduces friction JOINT
JOINTS
Moveable joints/ Synovial joints

• Hinge Joints – Allow


movement on one
plane. Eg. Elbow and
knee joints

• Ball and socket – A


ball at one end fits
into a socket at the
JOINTS
Immovable/
fibrous joints

• Bones joined firmly


by fibres
• They are call sutures
• Example- bones in
the cranium of the
skull
JOINTS
Partially
moveable joints/
• Cartilaginous
Connected by
cartilage
• Allow more
movement between
joints than fibrous
joints but less
movement than
MOVEMENT IN A
LIMB OF MAN
MOVEMENT IN A LIMB IN MAN
Movement brough
about by tissues
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Bones
TENDONS
Tendons connect muscles to bones

• Made up of tough,
inelastic, collagen fibres.
• Tendon need to be firm
yet flexible
• When muscles contract
and shorten then pull on
tendons which move the
TENDONS
Tendons connect muscles to bones
•The origin is the
attachment site
that remains
relatively "fixed in
space" during
muscle contraction

• The insertion is the


LIGAMENTS
Ligaments connect bones to bones
• Made up of collagen just
like
tendons

• They have some elastic


tissue which means they
can stretch a little.
Ligament
MUSCLES
Muscle move bones when
they contract

• There three types cardiac,


smooth,
skeletal

• They need energy to


contract. They get this
through respiration.
MOVEMENT IN THE FOREARM
Coordinated by two sets of muscles
biceps and triceps.
MUSCLES

• The bicep muscle is attached


to the
scapula at the top, and the
radius
at the bottom.
MUSCLES

• When the biceps contract, it


pulls
the radius up towards the
scapula
the arm bends.

• This is called flexing.

• The bicep is call a flexor


MUSCLES

• The triceps muscle pulls the


arm
down.

• When the triceps contract


the arm extends or
straightens.

• It is called an extensor
MUSCLES

• The flexor and extensor


muscles
work together.

• When the biceps contracts,


the
triceps relaxes.

• The muscles are said to be

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