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Form 3 Gen Sci Molecules and Bonding

The document explains the concept of molecules, which are formed when two or more elements combine through chemical bonding. It details the types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic, along with examples and the process of how atoms achieve stability. Additionally, it provides specific examples of molecules and the number of atoms present in them.

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Lester Rs
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16 views22 pages

Form 3 Gen Sci Molecules and Bonding

The document explains the concept of molecules, which are formed when two or more elements combine through chemical bonding. It details the types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic, along with examples and the process of how atoms achieve stability. Additionally, it provides specific examples of molecules and the number of atoms present in them.

Uploaded by

Lester Rs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Molecules and

Bonding
What is a molecule?
• A molecule refers to 2 more elements combining
together
• This is the smallest unit a pure substance can be
broken down into and still retain its chemical
properties
• The process in which elements combine is called
chemical bonding
• Positive and negative charges between the nucleus
and electrons allow bonding to occur
Molecules
 To show how many atoms combine, the number is
represented as a subscript after the element
 Examples:
 The element Oxygen is written as O. Atmospheric
Oxygen is made up of 2 Oxygen atoms. So it is
written as O2
 Water is made up of 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen
atoms bonded together. Written as H2O
Molecules

 Question: State how many of each type of atoms are


present in the following molecules – Ammonia (NH3),
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3),
Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), Glucose (C6H12O6)
 Ammonia (NH3) – 1 Nitrogen, 3 Hydrogen
 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) – 1 Magnesium, 2 Chlorine
 Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) – 2 Aluminium, 3 Oxygen
 Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) – 1 Copper, 1 Sulphur, 4 Oxygen
 Glucose (C6H12O6) – 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen
How are molecules formed

 Atoms are most stable when their outermost shell is


filled with electrons
 Not all atoms are arranged like that naturally
 Atoms can become stable by either:
 Gaining electrons
 Losing electrons
 Sharing electrons
Types of bonding
 There are 3 types of chemical bonding
 Ionic Bonding – Atoms can either gain or lose electrons.
The charge difference that occurs as a result will cause
the atoms to combine
 Covalent bonding – Atoms can share electrons to
become stable. When they share, their shells overlap
which causes bonding
 Metallic bonding – Occurs with positively charged
atoms which all share electrons
 Example; Sodium Chloride (salt)
 Sodium (ec= 2,8,1) can lose 1 electron to become
stable. In doing this, the EC changes to 2,8. Since the
atom now has 11 protons and 10 electrons, the atom
now has a net positive charge. It is written as Na+

Ionic
Bonding
 Chlorine has an EC of 2,8,7 so it can gain one electron
to become stable. In doing this, the EC becomes
2,8,8. Since the atoms now has 17 protons and 18
electrons the atom now has a net negative charge. It
is written as Cl-

Ionic
Bonding
Ionic Bonding
 Atoms that have a charge as a result of gaining or
losing electrons are called Ions.
 Now that we have Na+ and Cl- ions, their charges would
attract each other, and they would combine
 The new molecule is called Sodium Chloride and is
written as NaCl (positive first then negative)
 Ionic bonding usually occurs between metals and non-
metals
List of Metals
 Lithium, Beryllium, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium,
Potassium, Calcium
 Ionic bonds can be formed between these and any
other element that are not listed here (non-metal)
Ionic Bonding

 Question: Write how many electrons the following


elements must gain/lose to become stable. Then show
its ionic state.
 Lithium, Fluorine, Magnesium, Oxygen
 Answers:
 Lithium; EC= 2,1. It loses 1 electron to become Li+
 Fluorine; EC= 2,7. It gains 1 electron to become Fl-
 Lithium and Fluorine can bond ionically to form Lithium
Fluoride (LiF)
Ionic Bonding

 Magnesium; EC= 2,8,2. It can lose 2 electrons to


become Mg2+
 Oxygen; EC = 2,6. It can gain 2 electrons to become O 2-
 Magnesium and Oxygen can bond ionically together to
form Magnesium Oxide (MgO).
 If Lithium and Oxygen were to share electrons, then 2
Lithium atoms will be needed for one Oxygen atom.
 So the compound form would be written as Lithium
oxide (Li2O)
Covalent bonding

 Instead of gaining/losing electrons, atoms can share


them to become stable
 Covalent bonding usually occurs between the same
elements or elements close to each other in the
periodic table
 Covalent bonding typically occurs between non-metals
Covalent bonding

 Example: Water (H2O)


 Oxygen (EC= 2,6) needs 2 electrons to become stable
 Hydrogen (EC = 1) needs 1 electron to become stable
 2 Hydrogen atoms need to share their electrons with 1
Oxygen molecule to become stable
Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding

 Example 2: Atmospheric Oxygen (O2)


 Oxygen (EC=2,6) needs 2 electrons to become stable
 It can share electrons with other Oxygen molecules
Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding

 Question: Draw how Carbon and Oxygen would


combine to form Carbon Dioxide
 Carbon (EC = 2,4) Needs 4 electrons to become
stable
 Oxygen (EC = 2,6) Needs 2 electrons to become
stable
 One Carbon Atom can share electrons with 2 Oxygens
atoms to become stable
Covalent Bonding
Metallic bonding

 Occurs only in Metals


 Atoms give up electrons (becoming positive) which are
shared among many of the other atoms
 The positive atoms and the surrounding electrons keep
them bonded together
 If an electric current is passed through, then the
electrons can be moved
 Sodium (EC = 2,8,1) can lose one
electron to become stable

Metallic
Bonding
Summary

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