Very Large Scale Integration E-CAD Lab Project Report On

N BIT ADDER Generator using Verilog

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

By
G.Saiteja (Roll No: 22D41A0434)

Under the esteemed guidance

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

This paper presents the design and implementation of an n-bit adder, a fundamental component in
digital arithmetic circuits used for performing binary addition. The adder takes two n-bit binary
numbers and an optional carry-in as inputs and produces an n-bit sum along with a carry-out.
Various adder architectures, including ripple-carry, carry-lookahead, and parallel-prefix adders, are
explored to evaluate trade-offs between speed, area, and complexity. The design is synthesized and
simulated using standard digital design tools to verify functionality and performance metrics. The
results demonstrate the scalability of the proposed n-bit adder for applications in high-speed and
low-power digital systems.
 INTRODUCTION

Digital systems rely heavily on arithmetic operations, with addition being one of the most
fundamental and frequently used operations in processors and digital signal processors (DSPs). An
adder circuit, particularly an N-bit adder, is crucial for performing binary addition across multi-bit
operands, where N denotes the number of bits in each operand. The N-bit adder serves as a building
block for various arithmetic units such as multipliers, subtractors, and accumulators.
In this project, we aim to design and implement an N-bit binary adder that can efficiently add two
N-
bit binary numbers and produce an (N+1)-bit result, accounting for possible overflow. The project
explores different architectural approaches such as ripple carry adders (RCA), carry-lookahead
adders (CLA), and potentially other high-speed adder variants, depending on performance needs.
The design is developed and tested using a hardware description language (HDL) like Verilog or
VHDL, with simulation and verification performed through digital simulation tools. The final
implementation may be synthesized on an FPGA to evaluate real-world performance metrics such as
speed, area, and power consumption. Through this project, we gain a deeper understanding of digital
logic design principles, hierarchical system development, and optimization strategies for arithmetic
circuit.
 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

Binary addition is one of the most basic operations in digital electronics and forms the foundation of
all arithmetic computations performed by digital systems. An adder is a combinational circuit that
performs the addition of binary numbers. There are several types of adders, each with different
performance characteristics and implementation complexities.
At the most fundamental level, a 1-bit full adder adds three input bits: two operand bits and a carry-
in bit, producing a sum and a carry-out. The equations governing a full adder are:
 Sum (S) = A ⊕ B ⊕ Cin
 Carry-out (Cout) = (A · B) + (Cin · (A ⊕ B))
An N-bit adder is constructed by cascading N 1-bit full adders. The most straightforward
implementation is the Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), where each bit's carry-out is connected to the
next bit's carry-in. While simple, RCAs suffer from propagation delay as each carry must ripple
through all previous stages.
To improve speed, advanced architectures such as the Carry Lookahead Adder (CLA) or Carry
Select Adder (CSA) are used. These designs reduce the delay by computing carry signals in
parallel, significantly improving performance in high-speed applications.
The N-bit adder is widely used in Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs), processors, and digital signal
processing systems. It plays a key role in executing arithmetic operations, logical functions, and
address calculations. Understanding its structure and operation is essential for designing efficient
digital systems.
Designing an N-bit adder involves both logical and physical considerations—optimizing for speed,
area, and power consumption. The circuit can be implemented and verified using Hardware
Description Languages (HDLs) like Verilog or VHDL and synthesized onto hardware platforms
like FPGAs for practical testing.

Tools Used:
Verilog HDL
 Used to write the digital design of the PWM generator.
 Defines the logic for counters, comparison, and signal generation

Simulation : 14.7 ISE simulator

The design and implementation of the *n-bit adder* followed a structured approach, beginning with
the selection of the adder architecture based on performance requirements. Initially, the ripple-carry
adder was chosen for its simplicity, with a view to later extending the design to more advanced
architectures like the carry-lookahead adder for comparative analysis. Each bit of the adder was
implemented using a full adder circuit, which takes two input bits and a carry-in and produces a sum
and a carry-out. These full adder units were connected in sequence, with the carry-out of each
feeding into the carry-in of the next higher bit position, thereby enabling multi-bit addition.

The circuit was described using a hardware description language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL,
allowing for precise specification of logic operations and interconnections. Functional simulation
was performed using a digital simulation tool to verify the correctness of the design by applying
various input vectors and observing the outputs. Following functional verification, the design was
synthesized using a synthesis tool to map the logical description onto a target hardware platform,
such as an FPGA or ASIC standard cell library. Post-synthesis simulations were carried out to
validate the timing and performance of the synthesized design.
 TESTING AND DISCUSSION
VERILOG CODE:
module N_bit_adder(input1,input2,answer);
parameter N=32;
input [N-1:0] input1,input2;
output [N-1:0] answer;
wire carry_out;
wire [N-1:0] carry;
genvar i;
generate
for(i=0;i<N;i=i+1)
begin:
generate_N_bit_
Adder
if(i==0)
half_adder f(input1[0],input2[0],answer[0],carry[0]);
else
full_adder f(input1[i],input2[i],carry[i-
1],answer[i],carry[i]);
end
assign carry_out = carry[N-1];
endgenerate
endmodule

// fpga4student.com: FPGA
projects, Verilog projects,
VHDL projects
// Verilog project: Verilog code
for N-bit Adder
// Verilog code for half adder
module half_adder(x,y,s,c);
input x,y;
output s,c;
assign s=x^y;
assign c=x&y;
end module
module full_adder(x,y,c_in,s,c_out);
input x,y,c_in;
output s,c_out;
TEST BENCH PROGRAM:

module tb_N_bit_adder;

// Inputs

reg [31:0] input1;

reg [31:0] input2;

// Outputs

wire [31:0] answer;

// Instantiate the Unit Under Test (UUT)

N_bit_adder uut (

.input1(input1),

.input2(input2),

.answer(answer)

);

initial begin

// Initialize Inputs

input1 = 1209;

input2 = 4565;

#100;

// Add stimulus here

end

endmodule
RESULT:
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
RTL SCHEMATIC:

TIMING DIAGRAMS:
CONCLUSION :
The design of an N-bit adder plays a vital role in the development of efficient
arithmetic and digital processing systems. By understanding the fundamental
principles of binary addition and employing a modular approach using 1-bit full
adders, scalable and reliable adder circuits can be constructed. Depending on system
requirements such as speed, area, and power consumption, various adder
architectures like ripple carry, carry look-ahead, and parallel prefix adders can be
utilized to optimize performance.
FUTURE SCOPE
The design of N-bit adders will continue to evolve with advancements in digital
systems. Future work may focus on high-speed architectures like parallel prefix
adders for faster computation, and low-power techniques to meet the demands of
portable devices. Reconfigurable and scalable adders may be developed for adaptive
systems.
Emerging fields such as quantum and optical computing also present new
possibilities for ultra-fast arithmetic operations.