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Example Netwrkks and Ethernet

The document provides an overview of various types of computer networks, including the Internet, connection-oriented networks like X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM, as well as Ethernet standards. It details the functionalities, architectures, and applications of these networks, highlighting the evolution from X.25 to modern Ethernet technologies. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics and operation of Ethernet, including its access methods and different types of configurations.

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25 views32 pages

Example Netwrkks and Ethernet

The document provides an overview of various types of computer networks, including the Internet, connection-oriented networks like X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM, as well as Ethernet standards. It details the functionalities, architectures, and applications of these networks, highlighting the evolution from X.25 to modern Ethernet technologies. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics and operation of Ethernet, including its access methods and different types of configurations.

Uploaded by

harankhari616
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example Networks

Example Networks
The subject of computer networking covers many different
kinds of networks, large and small, well known and less well
known. They have different goals, scales, and technologies.
In the following sections, we will look at some examples .
Internet
 ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency. )
NSFNET(National Science Foundation NET)
Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet:802.3
Wireless LAN:802.11
The Internet
The Internet is not a network at all, but a vast collection of different
networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain
common services.
NAP(n/w access point)
X.25
Our first example of a connection-oriented network is X.25, which was
the first public data network.

It was deployed in the 1970s at a time when telephone service was a


monopoly everywhere and the telephone company in each country
expected there to be one data network per country—theirs.

To use X.25, a computer first established a connection to the remote


computer, that is, placed a telephone call.

This connection was given a connection number to be used in data


transfer packets (because multiple connections could be open at the same
time).

Data packets were very simple, consisting of a 3-byte header and up to


128 bytes of data.
The header consisted of a 12-bit connection number, a packet sequence
number, an acknowledgement number, and a few miscellaneous bits.
Frame relay
In the 1980s, the X.25 networks were largely replaced by a new
kind of network called frame relay.

The essence of frame relay is that it is a connection-oriented


network with no error control and no flow control.
Because it was connection-oriented, packets were delivered in
order (if they were delivered at all).

The properties of in-order delivery, no error control, and no flow


control make frame relay similar to a wide area LAN.

Its most important application is interconnecting LANs at


multiple company offices.
Frame relay enjoyed a modest success and is still in use in places
today.
ATM
(Asychronous transfer mode)
Multi-speed network environment that provides a variety of complex
network services
Can carry voice, data, video separately or simultaneously
Can be used in LANs, MANs, or WANs
Fixed-length packets (cells)
Allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed
Minimal error and flow control capabilities
Connection-oriented virtual channel
ATM Virtual Circuits
ATM networks are connection-oriented, sending data requires first
sending a packet to set up the connection.

As the setup packet sends its way through the subnet, all the routers on
the path make an entry in their internal tables noting the existence of
the connection and reserving whatever resources are needed for it.

Connections are often called virtual circuits,


ATM – virtual circuit
The ATM Reference Model
• User plane : Provides for user information, along with
associated controls (e.g. flow control, error control)
• Control plane : Performs call control and connection control
functions
• Management plane : Includes plane management, which
performs management functions related to a system as a
whole and provides coordination between all the planes, and
layer management, which performs management functions
relating to resources and parameters residing in its protocol
entities
ATM-Application layer
• Transports cells via a communications channel (either optical
or electrical)
• LAN support: 25-155 Mbps copper or fiber
• WAN support: SONET rates over fiber
• Physical Medium Sublayer: bit transfer, bit alignment, and
copper/fiber conversions
• Transmission Convergence Sublayer: bit/cell conversion at
sending and receiving nodes
ATM-Layer
• Handles functions of the network layer:
• Connection-oriented without
acknowledgements
• Two possible interfaces:
• UNI – User-Network Interface: Boundary
between an ATM network and host
• NNI – Network-Network Interface: Between
two ATM switches
UNI/NNI Interface
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
• Maps higher-layer information into ATM cells
to be transported over an ATM network
• Collects information from ATM cells for
delivery to higher layers
What Is Ethernet?

• A local-area network (LAN) protocol developed by Xerox


Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976

• Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports data


transfer rates of 10/100/1000 Mbps

• The Ethernet standard specification is IEEE 802.3 standard,


which specifies the physical and lower software layers

• Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle


simultaneous demands

• Ethernet defines the lower two layers of the OSI Reference


Model.
• CSMA/CD-carrier sense multiple access with collision
detection.
The three major elements of Ethernet n/ws are

• 1. Ethernet packets are called Frames. These are units of data sent
across network.
• 2. Ethernet access method is CSMA/CD. This method controls
packet transmission and information flow across the Ethernet
hardware.
• 3. Data in the Ethernet are accessible to all connected device.
• Ethernet is a baseband technology that devotes entire bandwidth
of the media to one channel. Bandwidth can be defined as a
measure of n/w capacity.
Architecture of the original Ethernet.
Types of Ethernet:
• 10 Base 5
It is the original standard . It uses single coaxial cable. It is also known as
thick-Ethernet.
The connection is made by drilling into the cable to connect to the core
and screen.
• 10 Base 2
It uses 50 ohm coaxial cable connects the machines together, each machine
using a T-adapter to connected with network interface card. It works with the
standard 10 Mbits/s. It is also called Thin Net.
• 1 Base 5
It uses twisted pair cable to hub. It is operated at 1Mbits/s. It is the base of
all Ethernet evolution.
• 10 Base T
It uses two twisted air cables on category 3 or 5 cable. An
active hub or switch used in the middle and has a port for each
node. This configuration is used in 100BASET and gigabit
Ethernet.

• 100 BASE-T or FAST Ethernet


Fast Ethernet refers to a set of network standard for data
transfer speeds. It exceeds the speed of original Ethernet.
Hardware and software that support fast Ethernet can
provide speed up to 100 mbps. Its topology is star.
It uses CSMA/CD media access. It has maximum number
of nodes pre segment is 1. The Nodes minimum length is 2.5.
Its standard specification is IEEE 802.3, fast Ethernet
includes the following standards and options based on cabling.
Fast Ethernet Topology
Fast Ethernet
Implementation
GIGABIT ETHERNET (802.3)

•The need for higher data rate resulted in the design of


the Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps).

•The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3.


•All configurations of gigabit Ethernet are
point to point.

•Point-to-point, between two computers or one


computer – to –switch.

•It supports two different modes of operation:


full duplex mode and half duplex mode.

•full duplex is used when computers are


connected by a switch.

•No collision, CSMA/CD is not used.


SWITCHED ETHERNET
•The heart of the system is a switch
containing a high speed back-plane and room
for typically 4 to 32 plug-in cards, each
containing one to eight connectors.

•When a station wants to transmit a frame,it


outputs a frame to switch.The plug-in card
checks to see if the frame is for the other
station on the same card.

•If so, it is copied there otherwise it is sent


over high speed back-plane to destination
station’s card.
•What happens if two machines attached to the
same plug-in card transmit frames at the same
time?

•It depends in how the card is constructed. All


ports on the same card are wired together to
form a local on-card LAN.

•Collisions on this on-card LAN are detected


and handled using CSMA/CD protocol.

•One transmission per card is possible at any


instant.
•All the cards can transmit in parallel. With this
design each card forms its own collision
domain.

•In other design, each input port is buffered, so


incoming frames are stored in the card’s on
board RAM.

•It allows all input ports to receive(and


transmit) frame at same time.
THANK YOU

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