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cls-IX-ppt5

This document covers the fundamentals of polynomials, including definitions, types, and properties. It explains the concepts of variables, constants, algebraic expressions, and the classification of polynomials based on their degree and number of terms. Additionally, it introduces the concept of zeroes of a polynomial and provides examples for better understanding.

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Kevin Roy
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13 views12 pages

cls-IX-ppt5

This document covers the fundamentals of polynomials, including definitions, types, and properties. It explains the concepts of variables, constants, algebraic expressions, and the classification of polynomials based on their degree and number of terms. Additionally, it introduces the concept of zeroes of a polynomial and provides examples for better understanding.

Uploaded by

Kevin Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASS –IX , CHAPTER- POLYNOMIALS

CHAPTER-2
POLYNOMIALS
• You have already studied about algebraic expressions in your previous classes. You
know how to add, subtract, multiply or divide these. You have also studied about
factorization using following identities:
 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 (a - b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
 (a +b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab

Now, we will recall these concepts and extend them to expressions known as
Polynomials.
Terms related to algebraic expressions and polynomials are
CONSTANTS and VARIABLES:
A variable is denoted by a symbol that can take any real value.
We use the letters x, y, z etc. to denote variables.
The values of the constants remain the same throughout a
particular situation i.e. the values of the constants do not change
in a given problem, but the value of the variable can keep
changing.
For example: Let’s assume side of a square as a units. We know
the perimeter of square is 4 x side = 4a units.
As the side (i.e. a) varies, the perimeter( i.e. 4a) also varies.
Hence, the side and perimeter of the square are variables
whereas 4 is a constant in 4a.
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS: A combination of constants and variables,
connected by some or all of the operations +, - , ×, ÷ is known as an algebraic
expression.
For example: x2 – 4x + 3 , x+2 etc.

TERMS OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION: The parts of an algebraic


expression separated by +,- sign are called terms of an algebraic expression.
For example: In algebraic expression x2 – 4x + 3, the terms are x2, -4x and 3.

POLYNOMIAL: An algebraic expression in which the variables have only the


non-negative integrals powers is called a polynomial.
For example: 1) 5x3 + 4x2 – 6x – 3 is a polynomial in one variable ‘x’
2) 3 + 2x2 – 6x2y + 5xy2 is a polynomial in two variables ‘x’ and ‘y’
3) 5 + 8x3/2 + 4x2 is an expression but not a polynomial since it contains a term
with power of x equal 3/2 which is not an integer
4) 5x2 + 6x-1 - 3 is an expression but not a polynomial since it contains a term
with power of x equal -1 which is not a non-negative integer
COEFFICIENTS: In the polynomial 5x3 - 4x2 - x – 3, the coefficients of x3 , x2 and
x are 5, -4 and -1 respectively whereas -3 is the constant term in this expression.
x2 – √2 x + 3 expression has coefficients of x2 and x as and -√2 respectively
whereas 3 is the constant term.
NOTE: Coefficients can be non-integral but the powers of the variables
can only be non-negative integers

DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE: In case of a polynomial in one


variable, the highest power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial.
For example: 1) 2x+ 3 is a polynomial in ‘x’ of degree 1.
2) 5y3 – 4y2 - y – 3 is a polynomial in ‘y’ of degree 3.

DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL IN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES: In case of


polynomials in more than one variable, the sum of powers of the variables in
each term is taken up and the highest sum so obtained is called the degree of
the polynomial.
For example: 1) 7x3 -5x2y2 + 3xy + 6y + 8 is a polynomial in ‘x’ and ‘y’ of degree
2+2 = 4
Now, watch the video:
LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPcZ3nhZO-M
POLYNOMIALS OF VARIOUS DEGREES:
TYPE OF DEGRE EXAMPLE
POLYNOMIAL E
Linear 1 2x+ 3 is a linear polynomial in
‘x’

Quadratic 2 2x2+ 3 is a quadratic polynomial


in ‘x’

Cubic 3 2x3 + 4x - 3 is a cubic


polynomial in ‘x’

Biquadratic 4 4x4 – 3x3 + 2x - 5 is a


biquadratic polynomial in ‘x’
NUMBER OF TERMS IN A POLYNOMIALS:
TYPE OF NUMBE EXAMPLE TERMS OF EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION R OF
TERMS
Monomial 1 i) 3x is a Monomial in 3x
‘x’

Binomial 2 i) -2a + 3b is a i) - 2a
Binomial in ‘a’ and ii) 3b
‘b’
Trinomial 3 i) 2p – 3q + 7 is a i) 2p
Trinomial in ‘p’ and ‘q’ ii) - 3q
iii) 7

LINK:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmJjQ3KyTdw

1) CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL- A polynomial containing only one term that is a


constant only is called a constant polynomial.
For e.g. 3, 4/5, -2 etc. are constant polynomials.
NOTE: The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.
2) ZERO POLYNOMIAL- A polynomial containing only one term namely 0 is called
a zero polynomial.
NOTE: The degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
Now, complete Ex. 2.1 in your notebook
Now, watch the video :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2t-RIZ0RBo
ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL: Let p(x) is a polynomial. If p(n) = 0,
then we say that ‘n’ is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
Note that: To find the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) means solving the equation
p(x) = 0
Now watch the link given below to understand it better
LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0fVYd7c2Vs
Example: Find a zero of the polynomial
(i) p(x) = x-3 (ii) q(x) = 5x + 3
Solution: (i) p(x) = x-3
p(x) = 0 gives x-3 =0
or x = 3
Therefore, 3 is a zero of given polynomial p(x)
(ii) q(x) = 5x + 3
q(x) =0 gives 5x + 3 = 0
or 5x = -3
so, x = -3/5
Therefore, -3/5 is a zero of given polynomial q(x)
NOTE THAT: (1) A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.
(2) Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
Complete Ex. 2.2 in your notebook.

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