2.1 Introduction You have studied algebraic expressions, their addition, subtraction, multiplication ang division in earlier classes. You also have studied how to factorise some algebraic expressions. You may recall the algebraic identities : (xtyP art 2ryty : (-yP ax dy ty and vP-ya@+y)(x-y) and their use in factorisation. In this chapter, we shall start our study with a particular type of algebraic expression, called polynomial, and the terminology related to it. We shall also study the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem and their use in the factorisation of polynomials. In addition to the above, we shall study some more algebraic identities and their use in factorisation and in evaluating some given expressions. 2.2 Polynomials in One Variable Let us begin by recalling that a variable is denoted by a symbol that can take any real value. We use the letters x, y, z, etc. to denote variables. Notice that 2x, 3x, — are algebraic expressions. All these expressions are of the form (a constant) x x. Now suppose we want to write an expression which is (a constant) x (a variable) and we do not know what the constant is. In such cases, we write the constant as a, b, c, etc. SO the expression will be ax, say. However, there is a difference between a letter denoting a constant and a letter denoting a variable. The values of the constants remain the same throughout a particular situation, that is, the values of the constants do not change in a given problem, but the value of a variable can keep changing.PotyNomiat's 2» Now, consider a square of side 3 units (see Fig. 2.1). 3 What is its perimeter? You know that the perimeter of a square is the sum of the lengths of its four sides. Here, each side is 3 units. So, its perimeter is 4 x3, ie., 12 units. What will bethe > , perimeter if each side of the square is 10 units? The perimeter is 4 x 10, i.e., 40 units. In case the length of each side is x 3 units (see Fig. 2.2), the perimeter is given by 4x units. So, as Fig/2.1 the length of the side varies, the perimeter varies. Can you find the area of the square PQRS? It is XX x=? square units. x? is an algebraic expression. You are also familiar with other algebraic expressions like 2x, x? + 2x,x3 — 2 + 4x + 7. Note that, all the algebraic expressions we have considered so far have only whole numbers as the exponents of the variable. Expressions of this form are called polynomials in one variable. In the examples?’ above, the variable. is x. For instance, x8 — x? + 4x + 7 is a polynomial in x. Similarly, 3)? + Sy is a polynomial in the variable y and ? + 4 is a polynomial in the variable t. In the polynomial x? + 2x, the expressions x and 2x are called the terms of the polynomial. Similarly, the polynomial 3y? + Sy + 7 has three terms, namely, 3y?, Sy and 7. Can you write the terms of the polynomial -x° + 4x? + 7x —2 ? This polynomial has 4 terms, namely, -x°, 42°, 7x and -2. Each term of a polynomial has a coefficient. So, in —° + 4x7 + 7x — 2, the coefficient of x is -1, the coefficient of x* is 4, the coefficient of x is 7 and —2 is the coefficient of x° (Remember, x° = 1). Do you know the coefficient of x in x? — x +7? Itis-1. 2is also a polynomial. In fact, 2,5, 7, etc. are examples of constant polynomials. The constant polynomial 0 is called the zero polynomial. This plays a very important role in the collection of all polynomials, as you will see in the higher class 1 xem 1 x know that you can write x + — =x + .x"'? Here, the exponent of the second term, i.e, x Now, consider algebraic expressions such as x +3and Vy + y*. Do you x1 is—1, which is not a whole number. So, this algebraic expression is not a polynomial. ! 1 Again, Jx + 3 can be written as x? +3. Here the exponent of x is Be Which is not a whole number. So, is Vx +3 a polynomial? No, it is not. What about ay +972 Itis also not a polynomial (Why?).» MATHEMATIC Ne If the variable in a polynomial is.x, we may denote the polynomial by p(x), or g(x), or ria), ete. So, for example, we may write : P(x) = 2x? + 5x -3 glx) = -1 ry)=yty+l su) = 2 =u 18 + 6u5 A polynomial can have any (finite) number of terms. For instance, x! +x! +... +x +x+ 1 isa polynomial with 151 terms. Consider the polynomials 2x, 2, 5x3, -5x2, y and uw‘, Do you see that each of these polynomials has only one term? Polynomials having only one term are called monomials mono’ means ‘one’), Now observe each of the following polynomials: Pajaxel, q(x) = ry) =y +1, tu) = u's - How many terms are there in each of these? Each of these polynomials has only ‘wo terms, Polynomials having only two terms are called binomials (‘bi’ means ‘two’). Similarly, polynomials having only three terms are called trinomials (‘tri’ means ‘three’). Some examples of trinomials are PQX)=x4xN47, gx) =J2 +x-¥, nu)= wtue—2, wy)ay+yt5. __ Now, look at the polynomial p(x) = 3x” - 4x° + x + 9, What is the term with the highest power of x? It is 3x’. The exponent of x in this term is 7, Similarly, in the polynomial 4) = Sy‘ - 4y* - 6, the term with the highest power of y is Sy® and the exponent of y in this term is 6. We call the highest power of the variable in a polynomial as the degree of the polynomial. So, the degree of the polynomial 3x7 ~ 4x5 + x +9 is 7 and the degree of the polynomial 5y* — 4y? — 6 is 6, The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero, J sample |: Find the degree of each of the polynomials given below: (i) 8-43 (i) 2- Py 4 298 Gi) 2 Salton : (i) The highest power of the variable is 5. So, the degree of the polynomial is5. (ii) The highest power of the variable is 8. So, the degree of the polynomial is.8. Gii) The only term here is 2 which can be written as 2x°, So the exponent of x is 0. Therefore, the degree of the polynomial is 0. *Pouywounats 31 Now observe the polynomials p(x) = 4x + 5, q(y) = 2y, ri) = 1+ V2 and s(u) = 3 ~u, Do you see anything common among all of them? The degree of each of these polynomials is one. A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. Some more linear polynomials in one variable are 2x- 1, J2 y+ 1,2-u. Now, try and find a linear polynomial in x with 3 terms? You would riot be able to find it because a linear polynomial in.x can have at most two terms. So, any linear polynomial in x will be of the form ax + b, where a and b are constants and a # 0 (why?). Similarly, ay + bisa linear polynomial in y. Now consider the polynomials : 2 245, Set Beem, and e+ ox Do you agree that they are all of degree two? A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. Some examples of a quadratic polynomial are 5 - y?, 4y +5y? and 6 -y-y?. Can you write a quadratic polynomial in one variable with four different terms? You will find that a quadratic polynorhial in one variable will have at most 3 terms. If you list a few more quadratic polynomials, you will find that any quadratic polynomial in x is of the form ax* + bx +c, where a #0 and a, b, c are constants. Similarly, quadratic polynomial in y will be of the form ay? + by +-¢, provided a #0 and a, b, c are constants. We call a polynomial of degree three a cubic polynomial, Some examples of a cubic polynomial in x are 4x3, 2x° + 1, 5x° +.°, 6x3 —x, 6 —x°, 20 + 4x2 + 6x + 7. How many terms do you think a cubic polynomial in one variable can have? It can have at most 4 terms. These may be written in the form ax? + bx’ + cx +d, where a #0 and a, b, c and d are constants. Now, that you have seen what a poly.omial of degree 1, degree 2, or degree 3 looks like, can you write down a polynomial in one variable of degree n for any natural number n? A polynomial in one variable x of degree n is an expression of the form AX +a, Mt. . FaXt a, where d,, d,, 4... - 4, are constants and a, # 0. In particular, if a, = a, = 4, =a,=...=a, =0 (all the constants are zero), we get the zero polynomial, which is denoted by 0, What is the degree of the zero polynomial? The degree of the zero polynomial is not defined. So far we have dealt with polynomials in one variable only. We can also have polynomials in more than one variable. For example, x° + y? + xyz (where variables are x, y and z) is a polynomial in three variables. Similarly p? + q'° + r (where the variables are p, q and r), u° + v? (where the variables are w and v) are polynomials in three and two variables, respectively. You will be studying such polynomials in detail later.2 Mariesne, EXERCISE 2.1 1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which ay not? State reasons for your answer. 2 @ 4°-3r4+7 y+ 2 i). Br + (iv) whe () eye 2. Write the coefficients of x* in each of the following: = @ 24+r4x @) 2-P +8 Gi) ai tx (iv) V2x-1 3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 109, 4, Write the degree of each of the following polynomials: @ SP44e47x @4-» Gil) 5-7 (iv) 3 5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials: @ v4x (iy x-¥ ii) yy 44 (iv) 14x (v) 3r wir (vii) 7x° 2.3 Zeroes of a Polynomial Consider the polynomial p(x) = 5x*- 2x7 + 3x - 2. If we replace x by 1 everywhere in p(x), we get PCI) = 5x (1)'-2.x (1? +3 x (1) -2 =5-243-2 : =4 So, we say that the value of p(x) at x= 1 is 4. Similarly, (0) = 5(0) - 2(0)? + 3(0) -2 =-2 Can you find p(-1)? Example 2 : Find the value of each of the following polynomials at the indicated value of variables: @ pix) =5P-3x4+7atx=1 (i) 0) =3y-4y+ Vi aty=2. Gil) p(t) = 44 +5P-2 +6 atr=a.PoLyNoMmaLs 33 Solution : (i) p(x) = 5x2 = 3x +7 The value of the polynomial p(x) at x= 1 is given by pl) = S(=3(1) +7 =5-34+7=9 Gi) gy) = 3 - 4y + VT ‘The value of the polynomial q(y) at y = 2 is given by 2) = 32) -4(2)+ Vil = 24-84 Vil =16+ Vi (ili) p() = 40 + 5-2 +6 ‘The value of the polynomial p() at t= a is given by pla) = dat + 5a’ — a? +6 Now, consider the polynomial p(x) =x - 1. What is p(1)? Note that : p(1)=1-1=0. As p(1) = 0, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial p(x). Similarly, you can check that 2 is a zero of q(x), where q(x) =x- 2. In general, we say that a zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(c) = 0. You must have observed that the zero of the polynomial x - | is obtained by equating it to 0, i.e., x— 1 = 0, which gives x = 1. We say p(x) = 0 is a polynomial equation and 1 is the root of the polynomial equation p(x) = 0. So we say | is the zero of the polynomial x - 1, or a root of the polynomial equation x - 1 = 0. Now, consider the constant polynomial 5. Can you tell what its zero is? It has no zero because replacing x by any number in 5,” still gives us 5. In fact, a non-zero constant polynomial has no zero. What about the zeroes of the zero polynomial? By convention, every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial. Example 3 : Check whether -2 and 2 are zeroes of the polynomial x + 2. Solution ; Let p(x) =x +2. Then p(2) =2 +2=4, p(-2) = -24+2=0 Therefore, -2 is a zero of the polynomial x + 2, but 2 is not. Example 4 ; Find a zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1. Solution : Finding a zero of p(x), is the same as solving the equation Pix) =0u Marit ——_— —_ 1 Now, 2e+ 1 = O gives us.x= — 5 1 So, => isa zero ofthe polynomial 2x+ 1, Now, if pix) = ax + b, a # 0, isa linear polynomial, how can we find a zero w p(x)? Example 4 may have given you some idea, Finding a zero of the polynomial p(y, amounts to solving the polynomial equation pix) =0. Now, p(x) = 0 means av+b=0,a#0 So, ax==b b len xeo> So,.x= 7) is the only zero of p(x), ie., a linear polynomial has one and only one zero 7 h Now we can say that 1 is she zero of x ~ 1, and -2 is the zero of x + 2. Example § ; Verify whether 2 and 0 are zeroes of the polynomial x? ~ 2x, Solution ; Let Pa) =~ Qe Then pQ)=2-de4d-4e0 and 0) = 0-020 Hence, 2 and 0 are both zeroes of the polynomial x? ~ 2x. Let us now list our observations: (i)_A zero of a polynomial need not be 0, (i) O may be a zer0 of a polynomial, (iii) Every linear polynomial has one and only one zero, (iv) A polynomial can have more than one zero. EXERCISE 2.2 1, Find the value of the polynomial Sx ~4u? +3 at @ x=0 @)x=-1 (iii) x= 2 2. Find p(0),p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials: yel Gi) p()=2+14+2P-P (iv) pln) =~ r+ 1)PouyNoMIALs 35 ee —————_———— 3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them. 1 4 @ pa)=3r+l, x= ~3 (i) px)=Sx-m, x= 5 Gi) p@)="-1, x=1,-1 (iv) p(x) =(x+ 1) (x-2), x=-1,2 ) p@)=x, x=0 (vi) p(x) =he-+m, x= aT (i pla) =3=1 a iy pa) =2e+1, x=4 i) p(x) =3x*— 1, x = =2e+1, x25 Pt B (vill) po) 3 2 4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases: @ p=x+5 (i) p@)=x-5 Gi) p= 2x45 iv) p(x) =3x-2 (v) p@)=3x (i) p(s) =ax,a40 (vii) p@) = cx-+ d, c#0, c, dare real numbers. 2.4 Remainder Theorem Let us consider two numbers 15 and 6. You know that when we divide 15 by 6, we get the quotient 2 and remainder 3. Do you remember how this fact is expressed? We write 15 as 15= (6x 2)4+3 We observe that the remainder 3 is less than the divisor 6. Similarly, if we divide 12 by 6, we get 12= (6x 2)+0 What is the remainder here? Here the remainder is 0, and we say that 6 is a factor of 12 or 12 is a multiple of 6. Now, the question is: can we divide one polynomial by another? To start with, let us try and do this when the divisor is a monomial. So, let us divide the polynomial 2x3 +3? +x by the monomial x. > ae we ox We have Qe+xrP4x)ex= —t+—+— xox xX =vt+xel In fact, you may have noticed that x is common to each term of 2x° + x? +x. So we can write 2x? +P +x as x(2? +x + 1). We say that x and 2° + x + 1 are factors of 2° +x° 4x, and 27 +x+4xisa multiple of x as well as a multiple of 2° +x + 1.6 Maritestang, ——<— idler another pair of polynomials 3x? 4.4 Land x. Here, QW txt Deas Bx ea) + (rea) + (12). We see that we cannot divide I by.v to get a polynomial term. So in thi stop here, and note that | is the remainder. Therefore, we have +1)+1 Beta b= (xx ( An this case, 3 + 1 is the quotient and | is the remainder. Do you think that x is factor of 3x7 +x + 1? Since the remainder is not zero, it is not a factor. Now let us consider an example to see how we can divide a polynomial by any non-zero polynomial, Example 6 : Divide p(x) by g(x), where p(x) =x + 3x2 Land g(x) = 1 +x. Solution : We carry out the proc ss of division by means of the following steps: Step Ls We write the dividend x + 3x? - 1 and the divisor | +x in the standard form, i.e., after arranging the terms in the descending order of their degrees. So, the dividend is +x —1 and divisor is x + 1. ‘Step 2: We divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor, i.c., we divide 3° by x, and get 3x. This gives us the first term of the quotient. 3x = first term of quotient Step 3: We multiply the divisor by the first term 3x of the quotient, and subtract this product from. xt are xt the dividend, ic., we multiply x + 1 by 3x and 7 subtract the product 3.7 + 3x from the dividend 3? + 3x 3x2 + x - 1. This gives us the remainder as = ~2x-1. ~2 1° Step 4: We treat the remainder ~2y - 1 as the new dividend. The divisor remains the same. We repeat Step 2 to get the next term of the quotient, i.e., we divide the first term — 2x of the (new) dividend. by the first term x of the divisor and obtain — 2. Thus, - 2 is the second term in the quotient. New Quotier =3x-2 econd term of quotientPocynowears 7 ‘Step $ : We multiply the divisor by the second term of the quotient and subtract the product from the dividend. That is, we multiply x +1 by - 2 and subtract the product - 2x - 2 from the dividend - 2x - 1. This gives us 1 as the remainder. This process continues till the remainder is 0 or the degree of the new di than the degree of the divisor. At this stage, this new dividend becomes the remainder and the sum of the quotients gives us the whole quotient. Step 6 : Thus, the quotient in full is 3x—2 and the remainder is 1. Let ws look at what we have done in the process above as a whole: Notice that 3x° + x (x41) Gx-2)4+1 ie., Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder In general, if p(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that degree of p(x) > degree of g(x) and g(x) #0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that: P(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x). Here we say that p(x) divided by g(x), gives q(x) as quotient and r(x) as remainder. In the example above, the divisor was a linear polynomial. In such a situation, let us see if there is any link between the remainder and certain values of the dividend. In p(x) = 3x? + x—1, if we replace x by -1, we have p(-l) = 3(-1)? +(-1)-1=1 So, the remainder obtained on dividing p(x) = 3x° +x 1 by x + 1 is the same as the value of the polynomial p(x) at the zero of the polynomial x+ 1, ie...48 Matin, Let us consider some more examples, Example 7 : Divide the polynomial 3x! ~ 4x? = 3x =I by x= L. Solution : By long division, we'have: 4 ao apna ae “a Here, the remainder is - 5, Now, the zero of x 1 is 1, So, putting.x = I in p(x), we see that PCI) = 3(1) = 4(1)3 = 3(1) = 1 4-3-1 = ~5, which is the remainder, Example § : Find the remainder obtained on dividing p(x) = x° + 1 by x + I. Solution : By long division, eared xt pal PtePOLYNOMIALS 39 So, we find that the remainder is 0. Here p(x) = x° + 1, and the root of x + pl 0 is x= HIP +1 =-141 =0, which is equal to the remainder obtained by actual division. Is it not a simple way to find the remainder obtained on dividing a polynomial by a linear polynomial? We shall now generalise this fact in the form of the following theorem, We shall also show you why the theorem is true, by giving you a proof of the theorem. Remainder Theorem : Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x — a, then the remainder is p(a). Proof : Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree greater than or equal to 1. Suppose that when p(2) is divided by x —a, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x), ie., : P(x) = (x — a) g(x) + r(x) Since the degree of x — a is 1 and the degree of r(x) is less than the degree of x — a, the degree of r(x) = 0. This means that r(x) is a constant, say r. So, for every value of x, r(x) = r. Therefore, PQ) = (x-a) q(x) +r In particular, if x = a, this equation gives us P(a) = (a—a) qa) +r =r which proves the theorem. Let us use this result in another example. Example 9 : Find the remainder when x* + x3 - 2x? + x + 1 is divided by x - 1. Solution : Here, p(x) = x4 +.x° — 2x? +x + 1, and the zero of x- 1 is 1. So, pl) = (1+ (1-20 + + =2 So, by the Remainder Theorem, 2 is the remainder when x4 + x° - 2x? + x + 1 is divided by x- 1. Example 10 ; Check whether the polynomial q(t) = 48 + 47 2+ 1. = 1 is a multiple ofSolution : As you know, qf) will he a multiple of 20-4 1 only, if 20-4 1 O74 I 2 ; Y i Abo a( i)= 4-4) 4-4) -{-A)-te-forsg ioe So the remainder obtained on dividing q(1) by 21+ 1 is 0, So, r+ 1 isa factor of the given polynomial q(1), that is g(t) is 4 multigle « ded, leaving remainder zero, Now, taking 264+ 1 = 0, we have f= EXERCISE 2.3 1, Find the remainder when x’ + 3x? + 3x41 is divided by 1 @) xt] iy x-5 ii) x (iv) x4 (v) 5+ 2c 2, Find the remainder when x’ ~ ax? + 6x ~ I and a is any real number, then i) x—ais.a factor of px), if p(a) =0, and (i) p(a) =0, if a is a factor of p(x). coo) By the Remainder Theorem, plx}=(x a) g(x) + pla). i) M pla) =0, then p(x) = (xa) q(x), which shows that.x—a is a factor of p(x). Ai) Since x - ais a factor of p(x), plx) = (x ~a) g(x) for same polynomial g(x). In this case, p(a) = (a ~ a) g(a) = 0, Example 1 ; Examine whether x +2 is a factor of x? +332 + Sv +6 and of 2v +4. Solution : The zero of x +2 is -2, Let p(x) =? + 3x2 ‘Then, WA-2) s (~2)! + 3-2) + 5(-2) +6 + 5x +O and s(x) = 2r44Puvyyownats i Sa. | Reid 1046 “0 So, by the Factor Theorem, x 2 is a factor of x! + Av + Sit 6. i s2= WH 4+d=0 So,.14 Disa factor of 24-4. In fact, you e Theorem, since lv +4 = Ziv + 2), check this without applying the Factor Example 12: Bind the value of k, if. = 1 is a factor of dx! + 3x? = det ke ) = dy! + Bat = de + ky pl) = 0 Solution : Asa = Lis a factor of p Now, PCD) = ACL) + 30 = AC) +k So 443-44+k=0 ey k=-3 We will now use the Factor Theorem to fuctorise some polynomials of degree 2 and 3. You are already familiar with the factorisation of a quadratic polynomial like x + lv +m, You had factorised it by splitting the middle term Lx as ax + bx so that (x +a) (x + b). We shall now try to factorise quadratic Let its factors be (px + q) and (rx + s). Then ax? + bx + ¢ = (px + q) (rx + 8) = pre + (ps + qr) x +qs Comparing the coefficients of x°, we get a = pr. Similarly, comparing the coefficients of x, we get b = ps + qr. And, on comparing the constant terms, we get qs. This shows us that b is the sum of two numbers ps and qr, whose product is (ps\(gr) = (pr)(qs) = ac. Therefore, to factorise ax? + bx + c, we have to write b as the sum of two numbers whose product is ac. This will be clear from Example 13. Example 13 : Factorise 6x? + 17x + 5 by splitting the middle term, and by using the Factor Theorem. Solution 1 : (By splitting method) : If we can find two numbers p and q such that p+q=17 and pq=6x5 = 30, then we can get the factors.2 Matiestany ~ So, let us look for the pairs of factors of 30. Some are I and 30, 2 and 15, 3 and 10,» and 6, Of these pairs, 2 and 15 will give us p +q = So, 62+ 17x45 = 6x + (2+ 15)x+5 = 6 42x 4 15x45 “= 2a(3x + 1) +5Qx+1) = Gr+1) Qx45) Solution 2 : (Using the Factor Theorem) 624 11e45= fe +e) 6 p(x), say. Ifa and b are the zeroes of p(x), then 6x4 17x45 =6(x-a) (xb). So, ab = 3 Let us look at some possibilities for a and .t5,25,41, Now p(t}=2+ +26 aa But 3-2 2. b, They could be & slats js al 1 (2) =0. So, ( + . is a factor of p(x). Similarly, by trial, you can find that 5 (« + 3) is a factor of p(x). Therefore, 6? + 17x+5= ofx+Z)(x+3) 2 CAS) 3 2 = x+1) 2x45) For the example above, the use of the splitting method appears more efficient. However, let us consider another example. Example 14 : Factorise y* — Sy +6 by using the Factor Theorem, Solution : Let p() = y* - Sy + 6. Now, if p() = (y ~ a) (y ~ b), you know that the constant term will be ab. So, ab = 6. So, o look for the factors of p(y), we look at the factors of 6. The factors of 6 are 1, 2 and 3. Now, p(2)=2?-(5x2)+6=0PoLyNOMIALS B $$ $0, ¥~2is.a factor of ply). Also, p(3)=3?-(5x3)+6=0 $0, y~3is also a factor of y* - Sy +6. Therefore, y*~ Sy +6=(y- 2y-3) Note that »? - Sy + 6 can also be factorised by splitting the middle term —Sy. Now, let us consider factorising cubic polynomials. Here, the splitting method will not be appropriate to start with. We need to find at least one factor first, as you will see in the following example. ' Example 15 : Factori 237 + 142 - 120. Solution : Let p(x) = x° = 238 + 142x- 120 We shall now look for all the factors of -120. Some of these are +1, +2, £3, 24,45, £6, £8, £10, £12, £15, 20, +24, £30, £60. By trial, we find that p(1) = 0. ox ~ Lisa factor of p(x). Now we sce that x? = 2312 + 142x = 120 =x) =x = 2208 + 22+ 1204 = 120 = Ux =1) = 22x = 1) + 1200-1) (Why?) = (x1) (22x +120) [Taking (x— 1) common] We could have also got this by dividing p(x) by x ~ 1. Now x? ~ 22x + 120 can be factorised either by splitting the middle term or by using the Factor theorem, By splitting the middle term, we have: we 2204 1205 F121 ~ 100+ 120 (a ~ 12) ~ 10(x ~ 12) = (x~ 12) (r= 10) 23x? ~ 1420 ~ 120 = (r= 1a ~ 10) - 12) EXERCISE 2.4 1, Determine which of the following polynomials has (x +1) a factor: @ Perexel Gi) Creer ened Gi) 44304304441 (iv) 8-8 (2+ ¥2)x+ 2 ® 2 Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(r) is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:Mares, wr —2e- Lg iyaat $3ve 34H giert2 i) pix) =x dv +46, g(a) =4-3 3. Find the value of k, if.x~ 1 isa factor of p(x) in each of the following cases: @ paberextk Gi) p(x) = 2° + ke + V2 Gil) pax) =k? - J2x+1 (iv) p(x) =k - 3x +k 4. Factorise: @ 120-Ir+1 Gi) 2+ 7x43 ii) 6x°+ 5x-6 (iv) 3?—-x-4 5. Factorise : @ P-2e-x+2 (i) 8-3x°-9x-5 Gi) 28+ 13° +32e4+20 (v) 2yty?-2y-1 2.6 Algebraic Identities - From your earlier classes, you may recall that an algebraic identity is an algebraic equation that is true for all values of the variables occurring in it. You have studied the following algebraic identities in earlier classes: Identity] :(@+yPae+2yt+y¥ Identity I: (x-yP =x -2y+y¥ Identity I : 2 -y =(x+y) @-y) Identity IV; (x +a) (x +b) = + (a+ b)x + ab You must have also used some of these algebraic identities to factorise thea algebraic expressions, You can also see their utility in computations. Example 16 : Find the following products using appropriate identities: (i) @ +3) (w+ 3) Gi) 3) +5) Solution : (i) Here we can use Identity I: (x + y) = x? + 2xy + y?. Putting y = 3 init we get (e+ 3) (w+ 3) = (r+ 352? + 2(4)(3) + 3)? =P + 6x49 Gi) Using Identity IV above, ie., (x + a) (x +b) = 3° + (a + b)x + ab, we have (@&-3) (%+5)= + (-3 + 5)x + (-3)(5) = e+2e-remus 45 Cd pvample 17 s Evaluate 105 x 106 without multiplying directly: Solution : 1OS x 106 = (100 + 5) x (100 +6) = (LOY + (S + 6) (100) + (5 x 6), using Identity IV = 10000+ 1100+ 30 = 1 You have seen some uses of the identities listed above in finding the product of some iven expressions. These identities are useful in factorisation of algebraic expressions also. as you can see in the following examples. Example 18 : Factorise: (i) 49a? + 70ab + 25° Solution : (i) Here you can see that 49a? = (7a)?, 25b? = (5b)?, 70ab = 2(7a) (5b) ‘Comparing the given expression with ¢ + 2xy +)", we observe that. = 7a and y= 5b. Using Identity I, we get 49a? + T0ab + 25b* = (Ta + 5b} = (7a + 5b) (Ja + 5b) So far, all our identities involved products of binomials. Let us now extend the Identity Ttoa rinomial x + y + z. We shall compute (x + y + 2)? by using Identity I. Letrsy=t. Then, (xt yt Pate sPslete (Using Identity 1) =(x+yF+2xty)e+Z (Substituting the value of t)46 Maritestary cece exe dy ty 2+ Qere (Using Identity 1 Ca yl4 24 Qay + 2ye+2ex — (Rearranging the terms) So, we get the following identity: Identity Vs @ +y #2) = a2 + yt + 22 + Day + yz + Dox Remark ; We call the right hand side expression the expanded form of the left hang side expression. Note that the expansion of (x + y + z)? consists of three square terms and three product terms. Example 19 : Write (3a + 4b + 5c)? in expanded form. Solution : Comparing the given expression with (x + y + z)*, we find that x= 3a, y= 4b and z= 5c. Therefore, using Identity V, we have (Ba + 4b + 5c)? = (3a)? + (4b)? + (5c)? + 2(3a)(4b) + 2(40)(Se) + 2(5e)(3a) = 9a? + 16b? + 25c? + 24ab + 40bc + 30ac Example 20 : Expand (4a - 2b - 3c). Solution : Using Identity V, we have (4a - 2b 3c)? = [4a + (-2b) + (-3e)]? = (4a)? + (-2b)* + (-3c)? + 2(4a)(-2b) + 2(-2b)(—3c) + 2(-3c)(4a) = 16a? + 4b? + 9c? - 16ab + 12be - 24ac Example 21 : Factorise 4x? + y? + 2 - 4xy — 2yz + 4xz. Solution : We have 4x2 + y* + 2? — 4xy — 2yz + 4xz = (2x)? + (y+ (2)? + 2020) + AD) + 220) = [2x+() +2) (Using Identity V) = (Qx-yt2?=(Qv-y+2(2x-yt) So.far, we have dealt with identities involving second degree terms. Now let us extend Identity I to compute (x + y)*. We have: (rt+yP=(rty) ty? = (xt yl? + Qy +?) = x + Dry +9) + yQ? + 2ey +) a4 2ry +24 ry +27 +P =x43ry+¢hy+y? ax ty 4 3y(rty)Porynowtats 47 So, we get the following identity: Identity Vi: @+yPax° ty’ + Sry w+) Also, by replacing y by -y in the Identity VI, we get Identity VIL: @ - y= 2° -y* = 3xy(e - y) = 8= 3r'y + Bay? y? Example 22 : Write the following cubes in the expanded form: () Ga + aby Gi) Gp - 39) Solution : (i) Comparing the given expression with (x + y)’, we find that x= 3a and y= 4b, So, using Identity VI, we have: (3a + 4b)’ = Ba)’ + (4b) + 3(3a)(4b)(3a + 4b) = 21a? + 64) + 108a*b + 14dab> (ii) Comparing the given expression with (x y)°, we find that So, using Identity VII, we have: (Sp — 3q)' = (Sp)’ - (3q)°- 3(5p)(3q)(Sp - 34) = 125p' - 27q' - 225p'g + 135pq? Example 23 : Evaluate each of the following using suitable identities: (i) (104) (ii) (999) Solution : (i) We have (104) = (100 + 4)? = (100)' + (4)? + 3(100)(4)(100+ 4) (Using Identity VI) 1000000 + 64 + 124800 1124864 (ii) We have (999)' = (1000 - 1) = (1000)* — (1)* - 3(1000)(1)(1000 — 1) (Using Identity VII) = 1000000000 1 -2997000 = 997002999Solution : The given expression can be written 28 (le? = Gop + 54e 0 Now consider (x + y + (r++ On expanding. we get the product 2s Me +P 42 xy -yr- meee +9 tye ay -y¥i- re dee yee o-oo erty +2-3p So, we obtain the following identity: Identity VIII : x + y° +2 -Seyz =e +p ert ee Example 25 : Factorise : &' + y’ + 27 Solution : Here, we have BP +y +272 -1 = (ey + ¥ + (Bcp - Hen lip = (Qnty + 3p ey +e =Qr+y +3 (dee + 5e- R ' EXERCISE 25 1. Use suitable identities to find the following products: @ (x+4)(r+10) @ +9)e-19) @ Get 3, 3 (iv) + O-5) () G-2nG+ln 2, Evaluate the following products without multiplying directiy- @ 103x107 @ Bx = eee 3. Factorise the following using appropriate identities: @ 92+ 6xy+y @ 47-43=1POLYNOMIALS 49 4. Expand each of the following, using suitable identities: @ (e+ 2y44zyP @) Qr-y+2? iil) (2x4 3y + 22 : Gv) Ga-7b-c)? () (2e4+5y-32? . (Wi) [ie - $e + ‘| 5, Factorise: @) 4° + 9y? + 1627 + 12xy- 24yz— 1Oxz Gi) 2+ y+ 82 - 22 ay + V2 yz-8tz 6. Write the following cubes in expanded form: * @ x+y (ii) (2a~30y (iii) [e+] ww) [:-2 7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities: a (oy ii) (102) iti) (998) 8. Factorise each of the following: () Ba’ b+ 120° + bab? ii) 8a’ ~ b= 12a" + 6ab* (iil) 27 12Sa°~ 13544 225a° (iv) Gta’ —27b'— 14a + L08ab* to at Ft yd () 210 Fg - 5 Rh + GP % Verify: ey ety th -ayey) i) =v sir-y) Ot tayty) 10, Factorise each of the following: (i) 2Ty' + 125e° (ii) Om! ~ 343n° [ly See Question 9.) se: Te +y' +2 ~9uaye thats ¢y'42-Ane= 5 UF YHOU FO m2 + ay] + +2=0, show that x’ + y' +2! = Bayz. ithout actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following: (-12)' +(7)' +45)" Gi) (28) +(-15)' + (-13)° Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in which their areas are given:50 Maney, 16, What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose voly, are given below? 7 Volume : 3x°- 12x @ (i) Volume : 12ky? + 8ky - 20k 2.7 Summary Inthis chapter, you have studied the following points: 1. A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form PX)Fax +a "+... tar taxta, where a a,,4,,...,a, are constants and a, #0. Ay d,,d.y...,4, are respectively the coefficients of», x, of the polynomial, Each of a.x,a, x", ...4,, witha, #0, pa). 2, Appolynomial of one terms called a monomial. 3, A polynomial of two terms is called a binomial. 4, A polynomial of three terms is called a trinomial. 5. polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. x", and n is called the degree led a rerm of the polynomiat 6. polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. 7. Apolynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. 8. Areal number ‘a’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. In this case, a is also called a root of the equation p(x) = 0. 9. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial has no zero, and every real number isa zero ofthe zero polynomial. 10, Remainder Theorem : If p(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial xa, then the remainder is p(a). 11. Factor Theorem :x—aisa factor ofthe polynomial (x), if p(a) = 0. Also, ifx —a is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0. 12, (x+y tear ty +24 Days Qyet er 13. (xtyPaa+y+3n+y) 14, (x-y)'=2°-y° -3uy(x-y) 1S, P+ YP +2-3yyz= (xt y+O (KP +y?+2-xy-yz-Z) .