Chapter 4

Pictorial Drawing
Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
Axonometric axis
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c

B
A B
a Axonometric axis
AC D
2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
D

a Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
 Oblique Projection

Parallel & oblique

to picture plane

A
A
Line
B B
of C
sight C
D
D
 Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle

60o
45
o

A
30o
B

C
A B Type of Oblique drawing
D
1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o
 Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.

Isometric projection Isometric drawing

(True projection) (Full scale)

Forshorten

Full scale
 Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.
Regular Reverse axis Long axis
isometric isometric isometric

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to
any of the isometric axes.

Nonisometric lines

Isometric axes
 Sketch from an actual object
1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.
2. Define an isometric axis.

3. Sketching the enclosing box.

4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each

details.
5. Darken all visible lines.
 Sketch from an actual object

STEPS

1. Positioning object.

2. Select isometric axis.

3. Sketch enclosing box.

4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

 Sketch from an actual object
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted

unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Sketch from multiview drawing

1. Interprete the meaning of lines/areas in

multiview drawing.

2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric

axis.
Example 1 : Object has only normal surfaces

Top
H
Regular
Top View
Front
Side

W
D
Front View Side View
H

W D
Side
Reverse Front
Bottom View
Bottom
Example 2 : Object has inclined surfaces

D
Nonisometric line

y


H
y

x
x Front View
W
Example 3 : Object has inclined surfaces

C B A x

x x
B

C A

y
y

C
B A

Nonisometric line
Example 4
Regular
x

y C
E
B D F
Front View
A
B

C D Reverse
A F E
 Circle & Arc in Isometric
In isometric drawing, a circle appears as an ellipse.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.

3. Sketch arcs that connect the

tangent points.
 Circle & Arc in Isometric
Four-center method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.

4. Locate the four centers.

5. Draw the arcs with these centers
and tangent to isometric square.
Example 5
 Irregular Curve in Isometric
Steps
1. Construct points along the
curve in multiview drawing.

2. Locate these points in the

isometric view.

3. Sketch the connecting lines.

Sketch from multiview drawing
Sketch from multiview drawing
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A