BASICS IN

ELECTRICI
TY
 WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT?
Electric circuit is a path for transmitting electric
current.
Electric circuit is a closed path of wires and
electrical components which allows a current
through it on the application of potential
differences between two points in the path.
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT
Close circuit
when load works on it’s own in a circuit then it is
called close circuit. Under this situation the value
of current flow depends on load.
 Open circuit
When there is a faulty electrical wire or electronic
component in a circuit or the switch is off, then it
is called open circuit.
In the below diagram you can see that the bulb is
not glowing because either the switch is off or
there fault in the electrical.
Open circuit diagram
 Short circuit
When both points (+&-) of voltage source in a
circuit gets joint with each other for some reason
then it is called short circuit.
Maximum current starts to flow under this situation.
Short circuit generally happens when the
conducting electrical wires get join of even because
of shorting in the load.
Short circuit diagram
 Series circuit
Series circuit comprises a path along which the
whole/same current flows through each
components.
In series circuit, if one load gets fused, then rest of
the loads will not get power.
Series circuit diagram
 Parallel series
A parallel circuit comprises of branches so that the
current divides and only parts of it flows through any
branch.
In this type of circuit, the voltage capacity of all loads
must be equal to input supply. Power of load can be
different.
In a parallel circuit, if one load is fused, then the rest of
loads will still get power.
Parallel circuit diagram
Electrical circuit symbols
 What is electric current?
 An electric current is stream of charged particles, such as
electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.
 It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a
surface or into a control volume
 The standards units currents ampere, which symbol is A, which is
represent I.
 Which originates from the French phrase intensité du courant,
(current intensity).
 Function of electric current
Electric currents create magnetic fields, which are used in
motors, generators, inductors and transformers.
In ordinary conductors, they cause joule heating, which
creates light in incandescent light bulbs.
Time – varying currents emit electro-magnetic waves,
which are used in telecommunications to broadcast
information.
 What is joule heating?
Joule heating is known as ohmic heating.
Joule heating is the passing of an electric current through a
conductor produces heats.
Joule heating is called joule’s law, in electricity, the
conversion of electric energy into heat energy by the
resistance in a circuit.
 Physics equation
Current is usually denoted by the symbol I.
Ohm’s law relates the current flowing through a conductor
voltage V and resistance R : that is V=IR.
An alternative statement of ohm’s law is I=.
How to calculate electric current
We simply find current by dividing an amount of charge by
how much time the charge was measured for.
Current can be calculated using the formula I=, where I
represent current, Q represents charge and t represent
time.
A current of 1A (ampere) means that there is 1C (coulomb)
of electric charge passing through a given cross-sectional
area of wire in 1s(second).
 Example
If a charge of 200C passes through a given cross-sectional
area of wire in 50s, what is the current?
Solution since Q=200C and t=50s
I===4A.
 The direction of electric current
The direction of an electric current is by convention the
direction in which a positive and negative charge would
move.
This takes us back to the Fleming's hand rule.
Let’s see what it says in the next slide.
 Fleming’s right hand rule
Fleming’s right – hand rule gives which direction the current
flows. The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger,
middle finger mutually perpendicular to each other(at right
angles).
The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the
conductor.
 the index finger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field.
The middle finger is pointed in the direction of the current.
Diagram for Fleming's right hand
rule
 Fleming’s left hand
Fleming’s left-hand rule can be stated as stretching the
forefinger ,middle finger, and thumb of the right hand such
that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Here, the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic
field.
The middle finger indicates the direction of current in the
conductor.
The thumb indicates the direction of the motion.
Diagram Fleming’s left hand rule
 Summary
To sum everything up;
The Fleming’s right and left hand rule implies that current
can move in the right and the left direction.
A flow of positive charges(protons) from the positive
terminal of a power supply to it’s negative terminal.
A flow of negative charges(electrons) from the negative
terminal of a power supply to it’s positive terminal.
 What is Voltage?
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit’s power
source that pushes charged electrons(current) through a
conducting loop, enable them to do work such as
illuminating a light.
Voltage is responsible for the pushing and pulling(force) of
electrons or current through an electric circuit.
 Electromotive force(EMF)
Electromotive force(EMF) is equal to the terminal potential
difference when no current flows.
EMF and terminal potential difference(V) are both
measured in volts, however they are not the same thing.
EMF( is the amount of Energy(E) is the amount of
Energy(E) provide by the battery to each coulombs of
change(Q) passing through.
 Potential differences
If a light bulbs is continuously keep on that is, to maintain
continuous movement of electrons in the circuit, the two
terminals of the lamp need to have an electrical potential
difference.
The potential difference or voltage is produced by the EMF
of the voltage source.
Potential differences is the amount of energy or work that
would be required to move electrons between two points.
Current will flow between two points in an electric circuit
only when there is an electrical potential differences. The
voltage or the potential differences always exists between
two points.
 Calculating for voltage
One volt is defined as the electric potential between two
points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one
ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points.
Equivalently, it is the potential difference between two
points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of
charge that passes through it.
It can be expressed in terms f SI base units(m, kg ,s and A)
V==
 What is resistance
“Resistance” the act of fighting against something that is
attacking you, or refusing to accept something.
Resistance in electricity is a measured of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek
letter Omega(Ω).
 Factors affecting resistance of a
conductor.
There is no “perfect” electrical conductor; every conductor
that makes up the wires has some level of resistance
regardless of material it is made from.
There are four main factors affecting resistance;
The cross-sectional area of the wire(A)
Length of the conductor(L)
Resistivity of the materials(
Temperature(T)
The cross-sectional area of the wire(A); More water
would flow through a wider pipe than that through a
narrow pipe. Similarly the larger the diameter of the wire,
the greater the cross-sectional area, the less the resistance
in the wire and the more the flow of current.
The length of the conductor(L); the longer the wire, the
more the resistances and the more the time taken for the
current to flow.
Resistivity of the material(; it is a measure of the
opposition to flowing current through a material of wire, or
how difficult it is for current to flow through a material.
The different materials have different resistivity, that is
more or less resistance in the materials.
Temperature; Resistivity of a material is dependent upon
the temperature surrounding the materials. Resistivity
increase with an increase in temperature for most
materials.
Calculating Resistance of a wire
Here, this is how we can read wire resistance equation.
Resistance in the wire is proportional to resistivity(denoted
by the Greek letter “rho” represented by and length, and
reversely proportional to the cross-sectional of the wire(A).
Mathematically expressed as;
Resistance .
R =.
 Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law is a very important and useful equation in
electric theory. It precisely expresses the relationship
between current, voltage, and resistance with a simple
mathematical equation.
Ohm’s law state that, current flowing through a conductor
is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance, provided all physical
conditions and temperatures remain constant.
Mathematically expressed as;
 Solved examples
A source of 12V is connected to a resistive lamp and a
current of 3A flows. What is the resistance of the circuit?
Solution;
According to ohm’s law=(V →R = == 4
The resistance in a circuit is 4Ω.
 Example 2
A flash light uses 6V battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150Ω.when the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Solution;
I= =0.04A.
 Kirchhoff’s current law(KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum
of current entering and existing a node(meeting point) is
equal to zero.
 Kirchhoff's voltage law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the
potential differences(voltage) in any loop must be equal to
zero.
THANK
YOU