ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS
GRADE 11
PART ONE
An electric circuit  It may also be an open circuit where the conductive
elements no longer form a complete path, and continuous
• An electric circuit is a path or line through
charge flow cannot occur in it .
which an electrical current flows.
• The path may be closed (joined at both  An open circuit does not allow current to flow
ends), making a loop.
• A closed circuit makes electrical current flow
Components of an electric circuit

Conducting wires

 These are usually copper wires with no insulation.

 They make the path through which the electricity
flows.
 One piece of the wire connects the current from the
power source to the load.
 The piece connects the load back to the power source.

 The symbol for connecting wires in a circuit is:

Switch
 The switch is simply a small gap in the conductor
where you can close or open the circuit.
 When the switch is closed, the circuit is closed and
electricity flows.
 The symbol for a switch is:
Battery
 The power source is a cell.

 A battery is a source of energy which provides a push

-a voltage - of energy to get the current flowing in a
circuit.

 More than one cell put together is known as a

battery
The Load
 The external resistance in the circuit is referred to as the
load.

 An electrical consumes (active) electric power.

 Electric power circuits, examples of loads are light bulbs

or resistors.

 The symbol for a light bulb is:

Resistors
 The resistor is a component that resists current.
 The main function of resistors in a circuit is to control the
flow of current to other components.
 The symbol for a resistor is:

 A variable resistor is one of which the resistance

value can be adjusted ,either mechanically or
electronically.
 The symbol is:
Voltmeter

 A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric

potential difference between two points in an electric
circuit.

 The voltmeter is connected in parallel in a circuit.

 The symbol is:

Ammeter

 An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the

current in a circuit.

 Ammeters are always connected in series.

 The symbol is:

Electric current  The current is simply the ratio of the quantity of charge and
time.
 Electric current is defined as the charge flowing
past a specific point in one second.  The magnitude of the electric current is measured in
coulombs per second, the common unit for this being the
Ampere or Amps, which is designated by the letter ‘A’.
 The symbol for current is the letter 𝐼

 In the diagram alongside, the current in a

circuit can be determined if the quantity of The formula for current is:
charge (symbol Q) passing through a cross
Q
section of a wire in a time 𝑡 can be measured. I=
t
Where Q is the charge in Coulombs and 𝑡 is
the time in seconds.
Potential difference or voltage

 Charge moving through a battery gains energy which is then

lost moving through the circuit.

 Potential difference is defined as the work needed per unit

of charge to move a test charge between two points in a
circuit as shown in the diagram below.

The formula for potential difference is:

W
V=
Q

 Where V is the potential difference

 W the work done by the charge
 Q the magnitude of the charge.

The magnitude of the potential difference is measured in joules

per coulomb, the common unit for this being the volt, which is
designated by the letter ‘V’.
Resistance o Resistance is measured in Ohms, symbolized by the Greek
letter omega (Ω).
o Resistance is a measure of the opposition to o All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall
current flow in an electrical circuit as shown into one of two broad categories:
below.  Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where
electrons can move easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold
and aluminium.
 Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and
restrict the flow of electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper,
glass, wood and plastic

 In a circuit, a higher resistance will allow less charge to

flow, meaning the circuit with higher resistance has less
current flowing through it.

 Resistance and current are inversely proportional.

The resistance of the conductor depends on the
following factors:

 Length of the conductor: Longer materials

have greater resistance

 Temperature of the conductor: The higher the

temperature, the greater the resistance

 Cross-sectional area of the

conductor(thickness): The larger the area, the
smaller the resistance.

 Nature of the material of the conductor:

different substances have different
resistances, e.g. tungsten (W) has a very high
resistance but copper (Cu) has a very low
resistance.
Ohm’s Law Experiment

 The relationship between current, potential

difference and resistance at constant
temperature using a simple circuit is detailed in
the Ohm's Law Experiment.
Investigative question

What is the relationship between the current passing through a resistor

and the voltage across the resistor at constant temperature?

Hypothesis
If current through a resistor increases/ decreases, the potential difference
across the resistor will increases/ decrease in the same ratio provided the
temperature remains constant.

Independent variable
The strength of the current is the independent variable. This can be
changed by increasing the number of cells. The ammeter gives the
strength of the current.

Dependent variable
The voltage across the resistor is the dependent variable. The voltage
values change as the independent variable is changed.

Controlled variable
This is a factor that if not controlled it will influence the results. It must be
kept constant so that the outcome is fair and reliable. In this case the
temperature is kept constant.
Graphs of the results Note: The gradient or slope of the voltage vs
current graph is the resistance of the resistor.
 The independent variable is on the 𝑥-axis and the
dependent variable is on the 𝑦-axis.

 The graph shows a linear relationship between current and

voltage.
 Ohms Law equation
Conclusion
 The equation shows the relationship between
 The amount of electric current through a current, resistance and voltage as shown below.
conductor in a circuit is directly proportional to
the voltage across it at constant temperature.  The mathematical formula of Ohm’s law:

V
R=
Ohms Law I

 It states that the potential difference across a

conductor is directly proportional to the current in
the conductor at constant temperature.
Ohmic and non Ohmic conductors  A conductor which does not obey Ohm’s law is called an
non-ohmic conductor.
 A conductor which obeys Ohm’s law is called an Ohmic
conductor.  The ratio of current to voltage does not remain constant.

 Any increase in voltage creates a linear increase in  The resistance of non-ohmic conductors changes as their
current temperature changes.
 The ratio of current to voltage remains constant.
 A light bulb, silicon, light emitting diode, transistors are
 Nichrome wire, copper, silver are examples of an Ohmic common examples of a non-ohmic conductors
conductor.
Circuit Connections
There are two basic ways in which to connect more than two circuit components i.e. through series and parallel connection
Series circuits Cardinal Rules for a Series Circuit

 A series circuit is one that has more than one resistor, • The current in all parts of a series circuit has the same
but only one path through which the current flows. magnitude. The total current IT is equal to the current
flowing through in R1; R 2 ; R 3 i.e.
 From one end of the cell or battery, charge moves I T = I R1 = I R2 = I R3
along one path with no branches, through the
resistor, to the other end if the cell.  The voltage decreases through the resistors. The sum of all
the separate voltage drops in each resistor is equal to the
 All the components in a series circuit are connected voltage supplied by the battery or cell i.e. 𝑽𝑻 . Series
end to end.
arrangements are known as potential difference dividers.
VT = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
 The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that
there is only one path for current to flow as shown
in the diagram below.  The total or effective or equivalent resistance 𝑹𝑻 is equal
to the sum of all individual resistors
R T = R R1 + R R2 + R R3

 Adding more resistors in series will increase the total

resistance of the circuit.

 If one resistor burns out or the circuit is broken, current will

not flow.
Parallel Circuit Cardinal Rules for a Parallel Circuit

 All the components are connected across each  The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the
other. total current that flows from the source.
 A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current
to flow through i.e. charge can move from one end The total current IT is equal to the sum of the current flowing
of the cell through many branches to the other end through the individual resistors R1; R 2 ; R 3 . Parallel circuits are
of the cell. known as current dividers.

 The diagram below shows a battery connected to IT = I1 + I2 + I3

resistors in parallel
 The largest magnitude of current will flow through the path
with the smallest resistance

 Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel

circuit. Each resistor receives the total voltage. The voltage
supplied by the battery or cell i.e. VT is equal to the voltage
in the individual resistors.

VT = VR1 = VR2 = VR3

 The total or effective or equivalent resistance R T is equal to :

1 1 1 1
= + +
R T R R1 R R2 R R3

 Adding more resistors in parallel will decrease the total

resistance of the circuit.

 If one resistor burns out, current still flows through the other
resistors in the circuit
Power

 When a current flows through a resistor, electrical energy

is converted into heat energy. The heat generated in the
components of a circuit, all of which possess at least some
resistance, is dissipated into the air around the
components.

 Power (P) is the rate at which work is done

 Work is measured in joules (J) and time in seconds (s)

so power will be Js commonly referred to as the Watt (W).

 Power is given by the following formulars:

P = VI

P = I2R

V2
P=
R
Electrical energy

 If a certain amount of power is dissipated for a given time,

then energy is dissipated.

 The work done (W) is equal to the energy (E) transferred.

Energy (Power × time) is measured in Joules and by
including time (t measured in seconds) in the power
formulae, the energy dissipated by a component or circuit
can be calculated :

W = VIt

W = I 2 Rt

V2
W= 𝑡
R
PAST EXAM
PAPERS
2008 Preliminary Paper 1 Q 10

Consider the electric circuit below and answer the

questions that follow.

10.1 Calculate the magnitude of the current. (6)

10.2 Calculate the potential difference across the

15 Ω resistor. (3)
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
GRADE 11
PART 2
Cost of electricity usage
The cost of electricity usage can be calculate if given the:
• Different appliances use different amounts of power,
 power specifications of appliances used and the
depending on their function.
duration
• All electrical appliances have a sticker, which indicates the  the cost of 1 kWh (one unit of e
The formula is:
power rating.
Cost of electricity = Power × time × Price
OR
• Electricity supply companies charge for the electrical energy
Cost of electricity = kWh × Price per kWh
we use in homes and industries.
In this formula, power is measured in kilowatts, time is
• The charges are based on our energy consumption therefore
measured in hours.
the higher the electrical energy used to run electrical
appliances, the higher the charges.

• The quantity used for energy consumption is the kilowatt-

hour (kWh).
• The kilowatt-hour (kWh) refers to the use of 1 kilowatt of
electricity for 1 hour.
• 1 kWh is the energy used if a 1000 W appliance is used for 1
hour.
• 1 kWh is an amount of electrical energy known as one unit of
electricity
PAST EXAM
PAPERS
2024 Gauteng June Paper 1 Q 8
A group of learners want to investigate the relationship
between the potential difference across a resistor and the
current through the resistor by changing the current with the
help of a rheostat. They set up the circuit as in the diagram
below.

They obtained the following graph from their results:

Graph showing the relationship between current
and potential difference over a resistor
8.1 Identify the:
8.1.1 Independent variable. (1)
8.1.2 Dependent variable. (1)
8.1.3 A factor that must be controlled. (1)
8.2 Name the variable that is represented
by the gradient of the graph. (1)
8.3 Find the resistance of the resistor R. (1)
2020 Eastern Cape November Paper 1 Q 10 A graph of her results is shown below.
A learner sets up the circuit below to investigate the
relationship between current and potential difference
across the ends of a conductor. She closes the switch and
records the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
She repeats the experiment three times; each time she
increases the number of cells in the circuit. Then she
reads and records the ammeter and voltmeter readings.

10.1.1 Which physical quantity does the

gradient of the graph represent? (1)
10.1.2 Use the information from the graph to
calculate the resistance of the resistor that the
learner used in the investigation. (3)
CONTINUED…….. 10.4 The power rating on an electric stove is
10.2 The battery in the circuit diagram below has 1 500 W. If the stove is used for 3 hours and 30 minutes,
negligible internal resistance. The resistance of resistor calculate how much it will cost to use the stove.
R is unknown. When the switch is closed, the voltmeter 1 unit of electricity (1 kWh of electricity) costs R1,15. (3)
reads 15 V and the ammeter A1 reads 1 A.

Calculate the:
10.2.1 Current in ammeter A (3)
10.2.2 Resistance of resistor R (5)
10.3 The resistor R of unknown resistance is now
removed from the circuit. How will this change in
the circuit affect the reading of the ammeter A?
Answer INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME.
Explain your answer. (2)
2018 November Paper 1 Q 12 The 4R resistor is replaced with an ammeter.
Consider the circuit diagram below. 12.4 How will the reading on the voltmeter be influenced?
The internal resistance of the battery and any Write only INCREASE, DECREASE or STAY THE SAME. (1)
resistance in the wires can be ignored. 12.5 Explain the answer to QUESTION 12.4. (2)

12.1 Calculate the value of resistor R if the total

resistance of the circuit is 4,8 Ω. (3)
12.2 Calculate the reading on the voltmeter
if the current through the 4R resistor is 1,8 A. (5)
12.3 Calculate the energy converted in resistor
4R in 2 minutes. (3)
2022 Gauteng November Paper 1 Q 7 7.4 Calculate the resistance of resistor R. (5)
7.5 If one of the 2 Ω resistors burns out, what will happen to
The following circuit diagram consists of a 6V battery and 7.5.1 The total resistance of the circuit?
four resistors as shown in the diagram below. Write only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (2)
Ammeter A1 has a reading of 1,07A. Voltmeter V2 has a 7.5.2 The current reading on A1? Write only INCREASES,
reading of 0,9 V. DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain the answer. (3)

7.1 Give the meaning of a 6V reading on the

battery. (2)
7.2 Calculate the effective resistance of the
parallel connection. (3)
7.3 Find the total voltage over the parallel
resistance. (2)
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
GRADE 11
PART 3
Electromotive Force (EMF)

o This is the potential difference of a source of electricity

when no current is flowing i.e. when the cell is open.

o It is measured in volts by a voltmeter connected in parallel

with a battery or cell.

o It is defined as the total amount of electric energy

supplied by the cell per coulomb of charge or The
maximum energy per coulomb of charge supplied by the
battery.

o The electromotive force symbol is ε.

Internal resistance

 In a closed or complete circuit, the potential difference between

the terminals of the battery is known as the terminal potential
difference of the battery.

 When the cell is delivering current to a circuit (closed circuit), the

terminal potential difference is less than the emf; the difference is
called ‘lost volts’ or internal volts (V’).

 The reason there is a difference between the emf and potential

difference across the terminals of a battery in a closed circuit, is
that there is an internal resistance (r) inside each cell.

 Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the flow of current

offered by the cells and batteries themselves resulting in the
generation of heat.

 Cells or batteries are not just sources of potential difference

(voltage), but they also possess internal resistance.
The formula for electromotive force (EMF) is:

𝐄 = 𝐕𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 + 𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

Where:
E: the electromotive force of the cell
Vload : potential difference across the load resistor is
that supplied by the battery. The external resistance in
the circuit is referred to as the load.
Vinternal resistance : potential difference across the
battery
The equation can be written further as:
𝐄 = 𝐈𝐑 + 𝐈𝐫
𝐄 = 𝐈(𝐑 + 𝐫)
Where:

I: the current in the circuit

𝐑: the total resistance in the external circuit(load)

r: internal resistance of the battery

Effects of adding ,removing or replacing a resistor in a parallel
circuit

If switches are on or off in a circuit, the EMF, internal resistance

and resistor values remain the same. Only the readings on
ammeters and voltmeters will change.

A parallel branch with resistor(s) removed

A connecting wire (zero resistance) replaces the
 Total resistance increases parallel-connected resistor
 Main current decreases
 Lost volts decrease  Total resistance decreases (full current flows
 Voltmeter reading across battery increases through the wire)
 Main current increases
A parallel branch with resistor(s) added  Lost volts increase
 Voltmeter reading across battery decreases
 Total resistance decreases
 Main current increases
 Lost volts increase
 Voltmeter reading across battery decreases
2006 November Higher Grade Paper 1 Q 9
In the circuit represented below, the resistance of R1, which is
connected in parallel with the 10 Ω resistor, is unknown.
When switch S is open, the reading on V1 is 45 V. The battery
has an internal resistance of 0,5 Ω .

When switch S is closed, the reading on V1 is 43,5 V.

Calculate:
9.1 The reading on A1 (5)
9.2 The reading on V2 (3)
9.3 The reading on A2 (4)
9.4 The resistance of R1 (4)
2010 March Paper 1 Q 11 11.3 If the emf of the battery is 17 V, calculate the internal
The circuit diagram below shows a battery, with an internal resistance of the battery (5)
resistance r, connected to three resistors, M, N, and Y. The 11.4 Calculate the potential difference across resistor N. (3)
resistance of N is 2 Ω and the reading on 11.5 Calculate the resistance of Y. (4)
voltmeter V is 14 V. The reading on ammeter A1 is 2 A and
the reading on ammeter A2 is 1 A. (The resistance of the
ammeters and the connecting wires may be ignored.)

11.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)

11.2 How does the resistance of M compare with that of N?
Explain how you arrived at the answer. (2)
2023 Eastern Cape Preliminary Paper 1 Q 8 8.3 The switch S is now opened. How will this affect
the reading on ammeter A1? Choose from INCREASE,
Three resistors and an electrical device rated 16 W are DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME.
connected to a battery of emf 36 V and unknown internal Explain your answer. (2)
resistance r, as shown in the circuit diagram below. Ammeter
A2 reads 2 A when switch S is closed.

8.1 Define the term emf of a battery in words. (2)

8.2 Calculate the:
8.2.1 Resistance of the electrical device (3)
8.2.2 Current passing through the battery (5)
8.2.3 Internal resistance r of the battery (6)
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
GRADE 11
PART 4
2024 Eastern Cape November Paper 1 Q 9 9.6 A learner uses an electrical heater of resistance
48 Ω that operates at a potential difference of 240 V to heat
The battery used in the circuit below has emf of 12 V and her room for half an hour. Calculate the cost of operating the
internal resistance of 0,6 Ω. heater if the cost of electricity is R2,56 per unit.
(1 unit = 1 kW.h) (5)

The resistance of the connecting wires can be ignored.

9.1 Define the term emf of a battery in words. (2)
9.2 Calculate the current that flows through
the 3 Ω resistor. (7)
9.3 Determine the reading on the voltmeter. (3)
The switch, S, is now opened.
9.4 Will the reading on the voltmeter, V,
INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME? (1)
9.5 Fully explain your answer to QUESTION 9.4
above. (3)
2014 Limpopo Preliminary Paper 1 Q 8 8.5 When switch S is opened the reading on voltmeter V1 changes to
The battery in the circuit, represented in the diagram 45,9 V. Hence, calculate the internal resistance of the
below, has an internal resistance r. When switch S is battery. (5)
closed the reading on voltmeter V2 is 18 V and resistor 8.6 Does the external resistance in the circuit INCREASE,
R dissipates 13,5 W. DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME when the resistor R is removed? (1)

8.1 Calculate the resistance of resistor R. (3)

8.2 Calculate the reading on the ammeter. (5)
8.3 Explain, in words, what is meant by the term
internal resistance. (2)
8.4 Calculate the potential difference across the 10 resistor. (3)
2016 March Paper 1 Q 9
A battery of an unknown emf and an internal resistance of
0,5 Ω is connected to three resistors, a high-resistance
voltmeter and an ammeter of negligible resistance, as shown
below.

The reading on the ammeter is 0,2 A.

9.1 Calculate the:
9.1.1 Reading on the voltmeter (3)
9.1.2 Total current supplied by the battery (4)
9.1.3 Emf of the battery (5)
9.2 How would the voltmeter reading change if
the 2 Ω resistor is removed from the circuit? Write down
INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME. Explain the
answer (3)
2020 Free State Preliminary Paper 1 Q 8 8.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)
In the circuit below, the battery can supply a maximum of 8.2 Give a phrase or term for the underlined words. (1)
38,25 J of energy per 1 coulomb of charges. A high-resistance Switch S is now closed. The potential difference across
voltmeter (V) is connected across the battery. A1 and A2 the battery now drops by 3,25 V and the 20 Ω resistor
represent ammeters of negligible resistance. The resistances of delivers a power of 45 W.
the connecting wires are negligible. 8.3 Calculate the:
8.3.1 Reading on ammeter A1 (3)
8.3.2 Total current in the circuit (4)
CONTINUED……

8.3.3 Resistance of R (7)

8.4 An additional resistor is connected at position X as

indicated in the diagram. How will voltmeter reading
V be affected? Write down only INCREASE, DECREASE or
STAYS THE SAME. Give an explanation for your answer. (4)
2023 Eastern Cape November Paper 1 Q 10.5 10.6 The potential difference of household power supply in South
Africa is 220 V. A girl uses a hair dryer that allows maximum current
The battery in the circuit diagram below has an of 16 A to pass through it when it is connected to the power source.
emf of 14 V with negligible internal resistance. Calculate how much she will pay for electricity for using the dryer
Switch S is closed. for 30 minutes. 1 kWh = R2,56. (4)

Calculate the:
10.5.1 Total resistance of the circuit (4)
10.5.2 Reading on the ammeter (3)
10.5.3 Energy dissipated by the 8 Ω resistor in
2 minutes (5)
2015 November Paper 1 Q 7

The circuit below is used to determine the

resistance of resistor X.

The 12 V battery has negligible internal resistance.

When switch S is closed, the reading on the ammeter
is 0,5 A.

11.1.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)

11.1.2 Calculate the resistance of resistor X. (5)

CONTINUED………….

11.2 Study the circuit below.

The battery has an emf of 12 V with negligible internal
resistance

Switch S is closed.
11.2.1 Write down the potential difference
across the 4 Ω resistor. (1)
11.2.2 Calculate the reading on the ammeter. (5)
11.2.3 Calculate the energy dissipated in the
12 Ω resistor in 2 minutes. (5)
2019 KwaZulu Natal September Common Test Paper 1 Q 11 11.6 How does the reading on V1 compare to that of V2?
Choose from GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
11.1 In the circuit below, the battery has an
an EMF of 12 V. The battery and the connecting
wires have negligible resistance

Ammeter A2 reads 1,5 A

11.1 Calculate the total resistance in the circuit (3)
11.2 Determine the reading on ammeter A1 (2)
11.3 Calculate the reading on voltmeter V1 (3)
11.4 Calculate the resistance of resistor B (5)
11.5 Determine the energy transferred to
resistor B in 10 minutes (4)
2021 Gauteng November Paper 1 Q 7 7.5 If resistor R is removed from the circuit, what would
happen to the reading on voltmeter V1?
In the circuit below, the battery has an emf of 12 V.
Write only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
The resistance of the wires and battery may be
7.6 Explain your answer to QUESTION 7.5. (2)
ignored. The switch S is now CLOSED, and the
reading on V2 is 3V.

7.1 Define the term electric current. (2)

7.2 Calculate the reading on the ammeter. (4)
7.3 Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (2)
7.4 Calculate the resistance of R. (4)
2019 November Paper 1 Q 10
Three resistors, of resistances 3 Ω, 4 Ω and 6 Ω, and a
bulb are connected in a circuit, as shown below.
Initially all the switches, S1, S2 and S3, are open. The
internal resistance of the battery and the resistance 10.2 Explain the increase in the ammeter reading as more
of the connecting wires may be ignored. switches are closed. (2)
10.3 Calculate the:
10.3.1 Resistance of the bulb (3)
10.3.2 Potential difference of the battery (4)
10.4 Define the term power. (2)

10.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)

Switch S1 is now closed and the voltmeter and

ammeter readings are recorded. The voltmeter and
ammeter readings, when both switch S1 and switch S2
are closed, are then recorded, as well as the readings
when all three switches, S1, S2 and S3, are closed.
The results obtained are shown in the table below.
CONTINUED………..

10.5 Calculate the power dissipated in the 6 Ω resistor when

ONLY SWITCHES S1 and S2 are closed. (4)
10.6 How will the BRIGHTNESS of the bulb be affected as more
switches in the circuit are closed? Write only INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
10.7 Explain the answer to QUESTION 10.6. (2)
2024 Gauteng June Paper 1 Q 7 A learner connects an ammeter directly between
points A and B.
In the circuit diagram below the emf of the cell 7.4 How will the power dissipated by resistor R be affected?
is 12 V. The internal resistance of the Choose from INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME.
cell is negligible. Explain the answer. (3)

7.1 Define the term emf. (1)

7.2 Calculate the total effective resistance
between A and B. (3)
7.3 When switch S is closed, the ammeter
reads 2,57 A.
Calculate:
7.3.1 The resistance of resistor R. (4)
7.3.2 The potential difference over
resistor R. (2)