12.

2 Chemical Calculations >

Chapter 12
Stoichiometry

12.1 The Arithmetic of Equations

12.2 Chemical Calculations

12.3 Limiting Reagent and

Percent Yield

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > CHEMISTRY & YOU

How do manufacturers know how to make

enough of their desired product?

If chemical plants
produce too much
ammonia, then it
might be wasted. But
if too little is produced,
then there might not
be enough for all their
customers.
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

Writing and Using Mole Ratios

How are mole ratios used in chemical
calculations?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

A mole ratio is a conversion factor

derived from the coefficients of a
balanced chemical equation
interpreted in terms of moles.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

In chemical calculations, mole ratios

are used to convert between a given
number of moles of a reactant or product
to moles of a different reactant or product.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

Look again at the balanced equation for the

production of ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

The three mole ratios derived from the balanced

equation above are:

1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 3 mol H2

3 mol H2 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

Mole-Mole Calculations
• In the mole ratio below, W is the unknown,
wanted quantity and G is the given
quantity. The values of a and b are the
coefficients from the balanced equation.
• The general solution for a mole-mole
problem is given by

b mol W xb
x mol G  = mol
a mol G a
W
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.3

Calculating Moles of a Product

How many moles of NH3 are

produced when 0.60 mol of
nitrogen reacts with
hydrogen?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.3

1 Analyze List the known and the unknown.

N2 + 3H2  2NH3

1mol. 3mol 2mol

0.6mol x

Then, cross product of the

proportion, x = 0.6mol *
2mol/1mol = 1.2mol

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

Mass-Mass Calculations
In the laboratory, the amount of a substance is
usually determined by measuring its mass in grams.

• If a given sample is measured in grams, then the mass

can be converted to moles by using the molar mass.
• Then the mole ratio from the balanced equation can be
used to calculate the number of moles of the unknown.
• If it is the mass of the unknown that needs to be
determined, the number of moles of the unknown can
be multiplied by the molar mass.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.4

1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

6g. 34g
5.4g. x

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

Phosphorus burns in air to produce a

phosphorus oxide in the following reaction:
4P(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10(s)

What mass of phosphorus will be needed to

produce 3.25 mol of P4O10?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

Phosphorus burns in air to produce a

phosphorus oxide in the following reaction:
4P(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10(s)

What mass of phosphorus will be needed to

produce 3.25 mol of P4O10?
4P(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10(s)
4*31g. 1mol
X. 3.25mol
Cross product: 4 * 31g*3.25 mole = x * 1mole

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Other Stoichiometric Calculations

Other Stoichiometric Calculations

What is the general procedure for
solving a stoichiometric problem?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Other Stoichiometric Calculations

In a typical stoichiometric problem:

• The given quantity is first converted to
moles.
• Then, the mole ratio from the balanced
equation is used to calculate the number
of moles of the wanted substance.
• Finally, the moles are converted to any
other unit of measurement related to the
unit mole, as the problem requires.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Other Stoichiometric Calculations

The mole-mass relationship gives

you two conversion factors.

1 mol molar mass

and
molar mass 1 mol

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Other Stoichiometric Calculations

Recall that the mole can be related to other

quantities:
• 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles
• 1 mol of a gas = 22.4 L at STP
These provide four more conversion factors:

1 mol 6.02x1023 particles

and
6.02x1023 particles 1 mol
1 mol 22.4 L
22.4 L and 1 mol
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Other Stoichiometric Calculations

The figure below summarizes the steps

for a typical stoichiometric problem.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > CHEMISTRY & YOU

How do you think air bag manufacturers

know how to get the right amount of air
in an inflated air bag?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > CHEMISTRY & YOU

How do you think air bag manufacturers

know how to get the right amount of air
in an inflated air bag?
They take the volume of air needed to inflate the
bag and convert it to number of moles
(assuming STP). Then, they use the mole ratio
from a balanced chemical equation to calculate
the number of moles of reactants needed. This
could be converted to any other unit of
measurement related to the unit mole.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.5

Calculating the Molecules of a Product

How many molecules of

oxygen are produced when
29.2 g of water is decomposed
by electrolysis according to
this balanced equation?

electricity
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

2 * 18 g 6.022* 10^23
molecules
29.2 g x

Set up your cross product: 2 * 18g * x = 6.022 * 10 ^23 * 29.2

Solve for x.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

Volume-Volume Stoichiometric Calculations

Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen

gas combine to form the brown
gas nitrogen dioxide, which
contributes to photochemical
smog. How many liters of nitrogen
dioxide are produced when 34 L of
oxygen react with an excess of
nitrogen monoxide? Assume
conditions are at STP.
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

22.4L 2*22.4L
34L x

Set up the cross product: 22.4L * x = 2 * 22.4 L * 34L

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.

For gaseous reactants and products at STP,
1 mol of a gas is equal to 22.4 L.
KNOWNS
volume of oxygen = 34 L O2
2 mol NO2/1 mol O2 (mole ratio from balanced equation)
1 mol O2 = 22.4 L O2 (at STP)
1 mol NO2 = 22.4 L NO2 (at STP)

UNKNOWN
volume of nitrogen dioxide = ? L NO2
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Start with the given quantity, and convert
from volume to moles by using the
volume ratio.
1 mol O2
34 L O2  22.4 L O
2
Given Change
quantity to moles

Did you notice that the 22.4 L/mol factors

canceled out? This will always be true in
a volume-volume problem.
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Then, convert from moles of reactant to
moles of product by using the correct
mole ratio.

1 mol O2 2 mol NO2

34 L O2  22.4 L O  1 mol O
2 2
Given Change Mole ratio
quantity to moles

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Finish by converting from moles to liters.
Use the volume ratio.

1 mol O2 2 mol NO2 22.4 L NO2

34 L O2  22.4 L O  1 mol O 1 mol NO2
2 2
 Given Change Mole ratio Change to
quantity to moles liters

= 68 L NO2

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.6

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

• Because 2 mol NO2 are produced for each

1 mol O2 that reacts, the volume of NO2
should be twice the given volume of O2.
• The answer should have two significant
figures.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.7

Finding the Volume of a Gas Needed

for a Reaction
Assuming STP, how many milliliters of oxygen
are needed to produce 20.4 mL SO3 according to
this balanced equation?
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
22.4L. 2*22.4L
X. 20.4ml
Set up the cross product: 22.4L * 20.4ml /(2 * 22.4L)

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.7

1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.

• For a reaction involving gaseous reactants or
products, the coefficients also indicate relative
amounts of each gas.
• You can use the volume ratios in the same way
you have used mole ratios.

KNOWNS
volume of sulfur trioxide = 20.4 mL
2 mL SO3/1 mL O2 (volume ratio from balanced equation)

UNKNOWN
volume of oxygen = ? mL O2
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.7

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Multiply the given volume by the

appropriate volume ratio.

1 mL O2
20.4 mL SO3  2 mL SO = 10.2 mL O 2
3

The volume ratio can be

written using milliliters as
the units instead of liters.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Sample Problem 12.7

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

• Because the volume ratio is 2 volumes

SO3 to 1 volume O2, the volume of O2
should be half the volume of SO3.
• The answer should have three significant
figures.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

Methane burns in air by the following

reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
What volume of water vapor is produced
at STP by burning 501 g of methane?

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

Methane burns in air by the following

reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
What volume of water vapor is produced
at STP by burning 501 g of methane?
1 mol CH4 2 mol H2O 22.4 L H2O
501 g CH4  16.05 g CH  1 mol CH  1 mol H O
4 4 2

= 1.40  103 L H2O

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

16g 2*22.4L
501g x

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Key Concepts

In chemical calculations, mole ratios are used

to convert between moles of reactant and
moles of product, between moles of
reactants, or between moles of products.

In a typical stoichiometric problem, the given

quantity is first converted to moles. Then, the
mole ratio from the balanced equation is used
to calculate the moles of the wanted
substance. Finally, the moles are converted
to any other unit of measurement related to
the unit mole.
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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Key Equation

Mole-mole relationship for aG  bW:

b mol W xb
x mol G  = mol W
a mol G a

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > Glossary Terms

mole ratio: a conversion factor derived

from the coefficients of a balanced
chemical equation interpreted in terms
of moles

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12.2 Chemical Calculations > BIG IDEA

The Mole and Quantifying Matter

Mole ratios from the balanced equation are used
to calculate the amount of a reactant or product
in a chemical reaction from a given amount of
one of the reactants or products.

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12.2 Chemical Calculations >

END OF 12.2

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