Cloud Computing

Introduction

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 Data Center

High-density server and networking gear inside the

Facebook Data Center 2
Weta Digital data center used to render the
 Carbon Footprint
• A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an
individual, event, organization, service, place or product, expressed as
carbon dioxide equivalent.

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IEA – International Energy Agency

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 The greater the ambition, the greater the reduction in carbon emissions -
Accenture
• The graphic below indicates the incremental levels of carbon
reduction that can be achieved

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 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a model for
On Demand
enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of Scalable / Rapid Elasticity
configurable computing resources Multi-Tenant
(e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can Self Service

be rapidly provisioned and released Reliability

with minimal management effort or
Utility Based Subscription
service provider interaction.
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 Cloud Computing – Intro.
• On-demand - Resources should be always available when you need them, and you
have control over turning them on or off to ensure there’s no lack of resource or
wastage happen.

• Scalable - You should be able to scale (increase or decrease the resource) when
necessary. The cloud providers should have sufficient capacity to meet customer’s
needs.

• Multi-tenant - Sometimes you may be sharing the same resource (e.g. hardware)
with another tenant. But of course, this is transparent to the customer. Cloud
provider shall responsible the security aspect, ensuring that one tenant won’t be able
to access other’s data.
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 Cloud Computing – Intro.
• Self-service computation and storage resource - Related processes including:
billing, resource provisioning, and deployment should be self-service and
automated, involving much less manual processing. If a machine where our
service is hosted fails, the cloud provider should be able to failover our service
immediately.

• Reliability - Cloud provider should be able to provide customer reliability service,

committing to uptimes of their service.

• Utility-based subscription - You will pay the cloud provider as a utility based
subscription, just like paying your electricity bill – without any upfront investment.

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Cloud Service Model

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Service Categories

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Cloud Deployment Model

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 Business Benefits
• Reduced Cost
• Flexibility
• Agility
• More Mobility
• Highly Automated
• Easy to Implement
• End User Productivity
• Efficient
• Scalable and Elastic
• Usage Based
• Self Service
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Cloud Market Leaders

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Convergence of Cloud Computing

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 Computing Aspects
• Utility Computing:
– It is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes
computing resources and infrastructure management available to the
customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat
rate.
• Parallel Computing:
– It is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out
simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be
divided into smaller ones, which are then solved at the same time.

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 Edge Computing
• Pushing the frontier of computing applications, data, and services away from
centralized nodes to the logical extremes of a network. It enables analytics and
knowledge generation to occur at the source of the data.

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• Distributed Computing:
– It is a field of computer science that studies
distributed systems. A distributed system is a
software system in which components located
on networked computers communicate and
coordinate their actions by passing message.
• Grid Computing:
– It is the collection of computer resources from
multiple locations to reach a common goal.
The grid can be thought of as a distributed
system with non-interactive workloads that
involve a large number of files

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• Cluster computing:
– It consists of a set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together
so that, in many respects, they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid
computers, computer cluster have each node set to perform the same task,
controlled and scheduled by software.

• Autonomic computing:
– It refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources,
adapting to unpredictable changes while hiding intrinsic complexity to operators
and users.

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 Ubiquitous Computing
• It is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is
made to appear everywhere and anywhere. In contrast to desktop computing,
ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location and in any
format.

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SOA – Service Oriented Architecture
• A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an
architectural pattern in computer software design
in which application components provide services
to other components via a communications
protocol, typically over a network. The principles
of service-orientation are independent of any
vendor, product or technology.
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Deployment Model - Differences

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 NIST CCRA
NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architectu

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Objective
•A fundamental reference point based on the NIST
definition to describe an overall framework
•NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (RA) and
Taxonomy (Tax) that will accurately communicate the
components and offerings of cloud Computing.
• To develop a vendor-neutral architecture that is
consistent with the NIST definition
•To create a level playing field for industry to discuss
and compare their cloud offerings

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 Objective
Reference architecture and taxonomy for cloud computing was
eveloped as
• an Actor/Role based model that lays out the central elements of cloud computing

• RA is presented in two parts

• a complete overview of
• actors
• their roles
• necessary architectural components
• for managing and providing cloud services such as service deployment, service
orchestration, cloud service management, security and privacy
• Taxonomy

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 Actors
• Actors play the role and perform a set of activities and functions.
• Cloud brokers are optional
• Cloud consumers may obtain service directly from a cloud provider.

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Usage Scenario

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Usage Scenario

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Usage Scenario

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Cloud Consumer

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Cloud Provider

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Cloud Provider - Service Orchestration

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Cloud Provider - Service Management

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 Cloud Provider
• Security
• Authentication and Authorization
• Availability
• Confidentiality
• Identity management
• Integrity
• Security monitoring & Incident Response
• Security policy management
• Privacy
• Protect the assured, proper, and consistent collection, processing,
communication, use and disposition of personal information (PI) and
personally identifiable information (PII) on the cloud

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 Cloud Auditor
• A party that can conduct independent assessment of
• cloud services, information system operations, performance and security
of the cloud implementation

Evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of

ecurity controls, privacy impact, performance
• For security auditing, a cloud auditor can make an assessment of the
security controls in the information system to determine the extent to
which
• the controls are implemented correctly
• operating as intended
• producing the desired outcome with respect to meeting the security
requirements for the system
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 Cloud Broker
An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and
egotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers

As cloud computing evolves, the integration of cloud services can be too

complex for cloud consumers to manage.

• Service Intermediation
• enhances a given service by improving some specific capability
• provides the value-added service to cloud consumers.
• Service Aggregation
• combines and integrates multiple services into one or more new services.
• provide data integration and ensure the secure data movement between cloud consumer
and multiple cloud providers.
• Service Arbitrage
• similar to service aggregation, with the difference in that the services being aggregated
aren’t fixed.
• allows flexible and opportunistic choices for the broker
• For example, the cloud broker can use a credit-scoring service and select the best score
from multiple scoring agencies.
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 Cloud Carrier
The intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of
loud services between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.
• Provide access to cloud consumers through network, telecommunication
and other access devices.
• Example: Network access devices include computers, laptops, mobile phones,
mobile internet devices (MIDs), etc.
• Distribution can be provided by network and telecomm carriers or a
transport agent.
• Transport agent: A business organization that provides
physical transport of storage media such as high-capacity hard
drives.
• A cloud provider shall set up SLAs with a cloud carrier to provide a
consistent level of service. In general, the cloud carrier may be required
to provide dedicated and encrypted connections.

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NIST Conceptual CCRA

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