FIXED &

VARIABLE DC
POWER SUPPLY
Ayesha Hayat - Roll No 242050
Qasim Waheed - Roll No.242128
Mamoon Ali - Roll No. 242044
 INTRODUCTION
 Power supplies are essential in providing stable voltages to electronic circuits. A fixed power supply

provides constant voltages, while a variable power supply offers adjustable output voltages.

 Fixed DC Power Supply: A combination of linear voltage regulators and a buck converter is used to

step down the input voltage to the required fixed voltages (24V, 12V, 5V, 3.3V).

 Variable DC Power Supply: Two adjustable voltage regulators (LM317 for positive and LM337 for

negative voltages) are used to provide a variable output.

 BLOCK Filter Regulator Load

DIAGRAM
Load
Filter Regulator

Input
Load
Filter Regulator Output
Rectifi
Transformer er

Load
Filter Regulator

Load
Filter Regulator

Filter Load
Regulator
 COMPONENTS
 7824 (24V Regulator IC) • LM317 (Positive Voltage
 7812 (12V Regulator IC) Regulator)
 7805 (5V Regulator IC) • LM337 (Negative Voltage
 LM2596 (Buck Converter for 3.3V) Regulator)
 Capacitors (0.33µF, 0.1µF, and 100µF) • Potentiometers (5KΩ or 10KΩ)
 Bridge Rectifier
• Capacitors (1µF, 10µF)
 Transformer
• Heat sinks (for power
dissipation)
• Led
 BASIC CONCEPT
 Make a variable dc power supply on principle of full wave rectification
(done by bridge configuration)
 Using a voltage regulator which give constant voltage (using 7805)
 Main task is to get variable output (use the pair of voltage divider resistors
to increase the output of the regulator and in which of resistance is
variable so when we increase or decrease the value of that resistor
the output voltage of the regulator will also change and we get a
range of 5 to 12 v)
 Use 3 capacitors , c1, c2 & c3 are use to get constant input to the regulator
(moreover it also help to reduce the sharp peaks in the output ).
 WORKING PRINCIPLE &
THEORY
Fixed DC Power Supply Circuit:
 Use linear voltage regulators and a buck converter, ensures that the desired voltages (24V, 12V, 5V, and
3.3V) are provided with a current of output 2A.
 Input: The input voltage was assumed to be a 220V AC source.
 Rectification and Filtering: An AC transformer steps down the voltage to 24V AC. This is then converted
to DC using a bridge rectifier and filtered with capacitors to smooth out ripples.
 Voltage Regulation:
 7824 provides a stable 24V output.
 7812 provides a stable 12V output.
 7805 provides a stable 5V output.
 LM2596 (Buck Converter) steps down the voltage to 3.3V.
 Each regulator was chosen to provide sufficient output current (2A) for the target voltages.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE &
THEORY
 Variable DC Power Supply Circuit:

• The variable DC power supply circuit uses the LM317 and LM337 to provide

both positive and negative adjustable voltages.

• LM317: Used to supply positive voltage output (0V to 5V). The output voltage is

determined using a potentiometer to adjust the resistance in the feedback loop.

• LM337: Used to supply negative voltage output (-12V to 0V), with a

potentiometer adjusting the output.

 TRANSFORMER
 Transformers can decrease or increase the voltage, sometimes known as

stepping down or stepping up the voltage.

 The purpose of using a transformer in power supply is to steps down the

electricity to 120 V when it enters your home or office. At 120 V, the

electricity can be used to power some devices and electrical outlets. You may
also use an adapter to convert to DC for some devices, like computers.
 RECTIFIER
 Rectifier systems are fundamental in converting alternating current (AC) to

direct current (DC), serving as a bridge between power sources and electronic
devices.

 Rectifier systems play a crucial role in providing power supply for various

electronics. For instance,many devices rely on rectifiers to convert AC power

from the outlet into DC power that these devices can use.
 FILTER
 Filtration is done by using capacitor to smooth the peak of AC sin wave.

 Filters in a power supply are crucial because they smooth out the DC output

obtained from the AC input, ensuring that the voltage supplied to electronic
devices is stable and consistent. When a rectifier converts AC to DC, the resulting
DC isn’t purely constant but has a ripple a fluctuation in voltage that follows the
frequency of the AC supply. This ripple can interfere with the operation of
sensitive electronic equipment, leading to inefficiencies or even damage.
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 The power supply unit of an electronic device converts incoming power into

the desired type (AC-DC or DC-AC) and desired voltage/current characteristics.

 The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the voltage in a circuit relatively

close to a desired value. Voltage regulators are one of the most common
electronic components, since a power supply frequently produces raw current
that would otherwise damage one of the components in the circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROTEUS
BREADBOARD DESIGN
PCB LAYOUT
 RESULTS
 For Fixed DC Power Supply:

 24V Output:The 7824 regulator successfully produced a 24V output with

minimal ripple, and the output current was stable at 2A.
 12V Output:The 7812 regulator maintained a stable 12V output with a steady
current of 2A.
 5V Output: The 7805 regulator provided a reliable 5V output at 2A.
The LM2596 buck converter was used to step down the voltage to
 3.3V Output:

3.3V with 2A of current output.

 RESULTS
 For Variable DC Power Supply:

 0V to 5V Output: The LM317 successfully provided a variable voltage from 0V to

5V with the adjustment of the potentiometer. The output current remained
stable at 2A.

 12V to 0V Output: The LM337 delivered a variable negative voltage from -12V to
0V, with the potentiometer allowing fine adjustment.
 CONCLUSION
 It demonstrated the design and implementation of both fixed and variable DC
power supplies. The fixed power supply met the required output voltages of
24V, 12V, 5V, and 3.3V at 2A, while the variable power supply offered
adjustable outputs from 12V to 12V and 0V to 5V.
 The fixed DC power supply is ideal for powering circuits with specific voltage
requirements.
 The variable DC power supply is versatile and can be used in a wide range of
applications requiring adjustable voltage levels.
 REFERANCES
 www.youtube.com

 www.Wikipedia.com

 National Semiconductor, LM317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator Datasheet.

 National Semiconductor, LM337 Negative Voltage Regulator Datasheet.

 Texas Instruments, LM2596 Switching Regulator Datasheet.

 Datasheets for 78xx Voltage Regulators (7824, 7812, 7805).

 Electronics tutorials on linear voltage regulators and buck converters.